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http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/trial/justification/about/   AboutPapacyNew SpainRoanokeNewfoundlandJamestownPennsylvaniaSupreme Court Overview   General Bibliography   Video   Map   Sound Bites   Credits   Our provocative starting point: Washington Irving's "gigantic question" Literature of Justification is an ongoing project by students at Lehigh University that takes as its provocative starting point the "gigantic question" that Washington Irving asks in his1809 History of New York (Book I, chapter v): "What right had the first discoverers of America to land, and take possession of a country, without asking the consent of its inhabitants, or yielding them an adequate compensation for their territory?" Our patron saint: Wilcomb E. Washburn We coin the genre "literature of justification" from Wilcomb E. Washburn's "The Moral and Legal Justifications for Dispossessing the Indians" and find our motivational cue in his insight that "Many studies tell us what the first explorers were trying to do.  Many others tell us why they were trying to do it.  But very few have attempted to describe the justice or injustice of the quest" (Seventeenth-Century America: Essays in Colonial History .  Ed. James Morton Smith.  New York: Norton, 1972: 15-32.). Our central text: Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought We owe our organizational framework spanning from St. Peter to John Marshall to the magisterial The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (New York: Oxford UP, 1990) in which Robert A. Williams, Jr., writes that his book "arose out of the desire to retrieve and reconstruct [the] idea of the West's mandate to conquer the earth, and to examine its inaugural applications in the New World." Our noble mission: questioning justification Our leading questions can be found in this paraphrase from the introduction of L. C. Green and Olive P. Dickason's The Law of Nations and the New World (Alberta: U of Alberta P, 1989).  What was the method of claiming title in the New World?  How did the Europeans justify making war on and taking land from the Native Americans?  How did Christian nations justify their actions in regard to Native America?  What were the philosophical and legal justifications of imperial and colonial expansion?  What were the arguments advanced to defend the subjection of Native Americans and to establish European hegemony?  Were any voices raised in opposition, and, if so, what was the basis for such opposition?  Were the actions of the colonizers lawful from the perspective of contemporary law?  ----------- Our ongoing Literature of Justification project is a "collaborative shared resource" of the kind described by Randy Bass and Bret Eynon in Intentional Media (Works and Days 16.1-2 [1998]: 56), their groundbreaking work on new opportunities for learning in electronic environments.  The current Papacy, New Spain, Newfoundland, Roanoke, Jamestown, Pennsylvania, and Supreme Court chapters were initiated during an "America's Many Beginnings" graduate seminar in fall 2003, and "second generation" work was added to the Jamestown chapter in the spring 2006 seminar. At the moment, then, the Jamestown chapter is the most developed in the project.  Future plans include not only second generation work on the other existing chapters but new chapters on New France and New England. In the spirit of a "collaborative shared resource" and the new possibilities for national and international community provided by web technology, we actively invite other students and faculty anywhere in the world who are studying this important topic to contribute valuable additions to the project ranging from bibliographical entries and hyperlinked comments to full essays. For further information, contact Professor Edward J. Gallagher, Department of English, Lehigh University via e-mail at ejg1@lehigh.edu .

A drunk preast told me why catholics are racist nazies http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/trial/justification/papacy/   AboutPapacyNew SpainRoanokeNewfoundlandJamestownPennsylvaniaSupreme Court Introduction   Timeline   Essays   Bibliography   Image Gallery   Papacy - Introduction In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue. And in 1493 Pope Alexander VI, in the Inter caetera bulls, drew a line down that ocean, giving the "New World" to Spain. As Robert A. Williams, Jr., says, "Alexander's papal donation provided Spain with what it considered to be a secure title to Columbus's discoveries in the West. No Christian European monarch, at least in the pre-reformation era, dared to interfere with Spain's papally conferred rights without risking excommunication. The path was now clear for Spain to carry out its papal mandate to colonize, civilize, and Christianize the 'well-disposed' inhabitants of the New World" (81). The literature of justification had begun. But what gave Alexander this power, not only over European nations, but through them over Native Americans as well? What justifies the Pope's justification? Williams takes us back to Jesus appointing Peter his vicar on Earth, giving him the keys to the kingdom (Matthew 16:19), and traces a direct line through contests for power between popes and kings and through holy wars with heretics and non-Christian peoples, such as in the Crusades, to Inter caetera. "Numerous Church documents attest to the seamless web of connections between the Crusades," he says, "and the West's colonizing conquests in the New World during the Renaissance era of discovery" (13). In what Williams calls "the most famous and influential Crusading-era discussion of the rights and duties of pagan nations under natural law" (13), for example, Pope Innocent IV had already asked and answered the key justification question around the year 1245: "Is it licit to invade a land that infidels possess, or which belongs to them?" On the eve of "discovery," then, no one disputed the supremacy of papal jurisdictional power, and popes took very seriously the responsibility of governing all humankind explicit in such divine charges as "Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost" (Matthew 28:19). If we would know the ideological framework into which European nations fit their interactions with the newly encountered Native Americans, then, we must understand something of the history of the papacy. For starters we recommend "The Medieval Discourse of Crusade," chapter 1 of Williams's The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest. Melissa Morris launched this Papacy section of our Literature of Justification project in spring 2004. We hope that other students and faculty, even beyond Lehigh University, will build on her work, so we welcome suggestions, corrections, questions, and, especially, appropriate contributions of all types from bibliographical entries through full essays. Contact Professor Edward J. Gallagher, Department of English, Lehigh University via e-mail at ejg1@lehigh.edu.

http://www.romancatholicism.org Popes For Slavery Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas on 18 June, 1452. It authorised Alfonso V of Portugal to reduce any “Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and any other unbelievers” to perpetual slavery. This facilitated the Portuguese slave trade from West Africa . The same pope wrote the bull Romanus Pontifex on January 5, 1455 to the same Alfonso. As a follow-up to the Dum diversas, it extended to the Catholic nations of Europe dominion over discovered lands during the Age of Discovery. Along with sanctifying the seizure of non-Christian lands, it encouraged the enslavement of native, non-Christian peoples in Africa and the New World . “We weighing all and singular the premises with due meditation, and noting that since we had formerly by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid King Alfonso --  to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ wheresoever placed, and the kingdoms, dukedoms, principalities, dominions, possessions, and all movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors the kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, principalities, dominions, possessions, and goods, and to convert them to his and their use and profit -- by having secured the said faculty, the said King Alfonso, or, by his authority, the aforesaid infante, justly and lawfully has acquired and possessed, and doth possess, these islands, lands, harbors, and seas, and they do of right belong and pertain to the said King Alfonso and his successors”. In 1493 Alexander VI issued the bull Inter Caetera stating one Christian nation did not have the right to establish dominion over lands previously dominated by another Christian nation, thus establishing the Law of Nations. Together, the Dum Diversas, the Romanus Pontifex and the Inter Caetera came to serve as the basis and justification for the Doctrine of Discovery, the global slave-trade of the 15th and 16th centuries, and the Age of Imperialism. Romanus Pontifex Nicholas, bishop, servant of the servants of God, for a perpetual remembrance. The Roman pontiff, successor of the key-bearer of the heavenly kingdom and vicar of Jesus Christ, contemplating with a father’s mind all the several climes of the world and the characteristics of all the nations dwelling in them and seeking and desiring the salvation of all, wholesomely ordains and disposes upon careful deliberation those things which he sees will be agreeable to the Divine Majesty and by which he may bring the sheep entrusted to him by God into the single divine fold, and may acquire for them the reward of eternal felicity, and obtain pardon for their souls. This we believe will more certainly come to pass, through the aid of the Lord, if we bestow suitable favors and special graces on those Catholic kings and princes, who, like athletes and intrepid champions of the Christian faith, as we know by the evidence of facts, not only restrain the savage excesses of the Saracens and of other infidels, enemies of the Christian name, but also for the defense and increase of the faith vanquish them and their kingdoms and habitations, though situated in the remotest parts unknown to us, and subject them to their own temporal dominion, sparing no labor and expense, in order that those kings and princes, relieved of all obstacles, may be the more animated to the prosecution of so salutary and laudable a work. We have lately heard, not without great joy and gratification, how our beloved son, the noble personage Henry, infante of Portugal, uncle of our most dear son in Christ, the illustrious Alfonso, king of the kingdoms of Portugal and Algarve, treading in the footsteps of John, of famous memory, king of the said kingdoms, his father, and greatly inflamed with zeal for the salvation of souls and with fervor of faith, as a Catholic and true soldier of Christ, the Creator of all things, and a most active and courageous defender and intrepid champion of the faith in Him, has aspired from his early youth with his utmost might to cause the most glorious name of the said Creator to be published, extolled, and revered throughout the whole world, even in the most remote and undiscovered places, and also to bring into the bosom of his faith the perfidious enemies of him and of the life-giving Cross by which we have been redeemed, namely the Saracens and all other infidels whatsoever, [and how] after the city of Ceuta, situated in Africa, had been subdued by the said King John to his dominion, and after many wars had been waged, sometimes in person, by the said infante, although in the name of the said King John, against the enemies and infidels aforesaid, not without the greatest labors and expense, and with dangers and loss of life and property, and the slaughter of very many of their natural subjects, the said infante being neither enfeebled nor terrified by so many and great labors, dangers, and losses, but growing daily more and more zealous in prosecuting this his so laudable and pious purpose, has peopled with orthodox Christians certain solitary islands in the ocean sea, and has caused churches and other pious places to be there founded and built, in which divine service is celebrated. Also by the laudable endeavor and industry of the said infante, very many inhabitants or dwellers in divers islands situated in the said sea, coming to the knowledge of the true God, have received holy baptism, to the praise and glory of God, the salvation of the souls of many, the propagation also of the orthodox faith, and the increase of divine worship. Moreover, since, some time ago, it had come to the knowledge of the said infante that never, or at least not within the memory of men, had it been customary to sail on this ocean sea toward the southern and eastern shores, and that it was so unknown to us westerners that we had no certain knowledge of the peoples of those parts, believing that he would best perform his duty to God in this matter, if by his effort and industry that sea might become navigable as far as to the Indians who are said to worship the name of Christ, and that thus he might be able to enter into relation with them, and to incite them to aid the Christians against the Saracens and other such enemies of the faith, and might also be able forthwith to subdue certain gentile or pagan peoples, living between, who are entirely free from infection by the sect of the most impious Mahomet, and to preach and cause to be preached to them the unknown but most sacred name of Christ, strengthened, however, always by the royal authority, he has not ceased for twenty-five years past to send almost yearly an army of the peoples of the said kingdoms with the greatest labor, danger, and expense, in very swift ships called caravels, to explore the sea and coast lands toward the south and the Antarctic pole. And so it came to pass that when a number of ships of this kind had explored and taken possession of very many harbors, islands, and seas, they at length came to the province of Guinea, and having taken possession of some islands and harbors and the sea adjacent to that province, sailing farther they came to the mouth of a certain great river commonly supposed to be the Nile, and war was waged for some years against the peoples of those parts in the name of the said King Alfonso and of the infante, and in it very many islands in that neighborhood were subdued and peacefully possessed, as they are still possessed together with the adjacent sea. Thence also many Guineamen and other negroes, taken by force, and some by barter of unprohibited articles, or by other lawful contract of purchase, have been sent to the said kingdoms. A large number of these have been converted to the Catholic faith, and it is hoped, by the help of divine mercy, that if such progress be continued with them, either those peoples will be converted to the faith or at least the souls of many of them will be gained for Christ. But since, as we are informed, although the king and infante aforesaid (who with so many and so great dangers, labors, and expenses, and also with loss of so many natives of their said kingdoms, very many of whom have perished in those expeditions, depending only upon the aid of those natives, have caused those provinces to be explored and have acquired and possessed such harbors, islands, and seas, as aforesaid, as the true lords of them), fearing lest strangers induced by covetousness should sail to those parts, and desiring to usurp to themselves the perfection, fruit, and praise of this work, or at least to hinder it, should therefore, either for the sake of gain or through malice, carry or transmit iron, arms, wood used for construction, and other things and goods prohibited to be carried to infidels or should teach those infidels the art of navigation, whereby they would become more powerful and obstinate enemies to the king and infante, and the prosecution of this enterprise would either be hindered, or would perhaps entirely fail, not without great offense to God and great reproach to all Christianity, to prevent this and to conserve their right and possession, [the said king and infante] under certain most severe penalties then expressed, have prohibited and in general have ordained that none, unless with their sailors and ships and on payment of a certain tribute and with an express license previously obtained from the said king or infante, should presume to sail to the said provinces or to trade in their ports or to fish in the sea, [although the king and infante have taken this action, yet in time it might happen that persons of other kingdoms or nations, led by envy, malice, or covetousness, might presume, contrary to the prohibition aforesaid, without license and payment of such tribute, to go to the said provinces, and in the provinces, harbors, islands, and sea, so acquired, to sail, trade, and fish; and thereupon between King Alfonso and the infante, who would by no means suffer themselves to be so trifled with in these things, and the presumptuous persons aforesaid, very many hatreds, rancors, dissensions, wars, and scandals, to the highest offense of God and danger of souls, probably might and would ensue -- We [therefore] weighing all and singular the premises with due meditation, and noting that since we had formerly by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid King Alfonso -- to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ wheresoever placed, and the kingdoms, dukedoms, principalities, dominions, possessions, and all movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors the kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, principalities, dominions, possessions, and goods, and to convert them to his and their use and profit -- by having secured the said faculty, the said King Alfonso, or, by his authority, the aforesaid infante, justly and lawfully has acquired and possessed, and doth possess, these islands, lands, harbors, and seas, and they do of right belong and pertain to the said King Alfonso and his successors, nor without special license from King Alfonso and his successors themselves has any other even of the faithful of Christ been entitled hitherto, nor is he by any means now entitled lawfully to meddle therewith -- in order that King Alfonso himself and his successors and the infante may be able the more zealously to pursue and may pursue this most pious and noble work, and most worthy of perpetual remembrance (which, since the salvation of souls, increase of the faith, and overthrow of its enemies may be procured thereby, we regard as a work wherein the glory of God, and faith in Him, and His commonwealth, the Universal Church, are concerned) in proportion as they, having been relieved of all the greater obstacles, shall find themselves supported by us and by the Apostolic See with favors and graces -- we, being very fully informed of all and singular the premises, do, motu proprio, not at the instance of King Alfonso or the infante, or on the petition of any other offered to us on their behalf in respect to this matter, and after mature deliberation, by apostolic authority, and from certain knowledge, in the fullness of apostolic power, by the tenor of these presents decree and declare that the aforesaid letters of faculty (the tenor whereof we wish to be considered as inserted word for word in these presents, with all and singular the clauses therein contained) are extended to Ceuta and to the aforesaid and all other acquisitions whatsoever, even those acquired before the date of the said letters of faculty, and to all those provinces, islands, harbors, and seas whatsoever, which hereafter, in the name of the said King Alfonso and of his successors and of the infante, in those parts and the adjoining, and in the more distant and remote parts, can be acquired from the hands of infidels or pagans, and that they are comprehended under the said letters of faculty. And by force of those and of the present letters of faculty the acquisitions already made, and what hereafter shall happen to be acquired, after they shall have been acquired, we do by the tenor of these presents decree and declare have pertained, and forever of right do belong and pertain, to the aforesaid king and to his successors and to the infante, and that the right of conquest which in the course of these letters we declare to be extended from the capes of Bojador and of Não, as far as through all Guinea, and beyond toward that southern shore, has belonged and pertained, and forever of right belongs and pertains, to the said King Alfonso, his successors, and the infante, and not to any others. We also by the tenor of these presents decree and declare that King Alfonso and his successors and the infante aforesaid might and may, now and henceforth, freely and lawfully, in these [acquisitions] and concerning them make any prohibitions, statutes, and decrees whatsoever, even penal ones, and with imposition of any tribute, and dispose and ordain concerning them as concerning their own property and their other dominions. And in order to confer a more effectual right and assurance we do by these presents forever give, grant, and appropriate to the aforesaid King Alfonso and his successors, kings of the said kingdoms, and to the infante, the provinces, islands, harbors, places, and seas whatsoever, how many soever, and of what sort soever they shall be, that have already been acquired and that shall hereafter come to be acquired, and the right of conquest also from the capes of Bojador and of Não aforesaid. Moreover, since this is fitting in many ways for the perfecting of a work of this kind, we allow that the aforesaid King Alfonso and [his] successors and the infante, as also the persons to whom they, or any one of them, shall think that this work ought to be committed, may (according to the grant made to the said King John by Martin V., of happy memory, and another grant made also to King Edward of illustrious memory, king of the same kingdoms, father of the said King Alfonso, by Eugenius IV., of pious memory, Roman pontiffs, our predecessors) make purchases and sales of any things and goods and victuals whatsoever, as it shall seem fit, with any Saracens and infidels, in the said regions; and also may enter into any contracts, transact business, bargain, buy and negotiate, and carry any commodities whatsoever to the places of those Saracens and infidels, provided they be not iron instruments, wood to be used for construction, cordage, ships, or any kinds of armor, and may sell them to the said Saracens and infidels; and also may do, perform, or prosecute all other and singular things [mentioned] in the premises, and things suitable or necessary in relation to these; and that the same King Alfonso, his successors, and the infante, in the provinces, islands, and places already acquired, and to be acquired by him, may found and [cause to be] founded and built any churches, monasteries, or other pious places whatsoever; and also may send over to them any ecclesiastical persons whatsoever, as volunteers, both seculars, and regulars of any of the mendicant orders (with license, however, from their superiors), and that those persons may abide there as long as they shall live, and hear confessions of all who live in the said parts or who come thither, and after the confessions have been heard they may give due absolution in all cases, except those reserved to the aforesaid see, and enjoin salutary penance, and also administer the ecclesiastical sacraments freely and lawfully, and this we allow and grant to Alfonso himself, and his successors, the kings of Portugal, who shall come afterwards, and to the aforesaid infante. Moreover, we entreat in the Lord, and by the sprinkling of the blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, whom, as has been said, it concerneth, we exhort, and as they hope for the remission of their sins enjoin, and also by this perpetual edict of prohibition we more strictly inhibit, all and singular the faithful of Christ, ecclesiastics, seculars, and regulars of whatsoever orders, in whatsoever part of the world they live, and of whatsoever state, degree, order, condition, or pre-eminence they shall be, although endued with archiepiscopal, episcopal, imperial, royal, queenly, ducal, or any other greater ecclesiastical or worldly dignity, that they do not by any means presume to carry arms, iron, wood for construction, and other things prohibited by law from being in any way carried to the Saracens, to any of the provinces, islands, harbors, seas, and places whatsoever, acquired or possessed in the name of King Alfonso, or situated in this conquest or elsewhere, to the Saracens, infidels, or pagans; or even without special license from the said King Alfonso and his successors and the infante, to carry or cause to be carried merchandise and other things permitted by law, or to navigate or cause to be navigated those seas, or to fish in them, or to meddle with the provinces, islands, harbors, seas, and places, or any of them, or with this conquest, or to do anything by themselves or another or others, directly or indirectly, by deed or counsel, or to offer any obstruction whereby the aforesaid King Alfonso and his successors and the infante may be hindered from quietly enjoying their acquisitions and possessions, and prosecuting and carrying out this conquest. And we decree that whosoever shall infringe these orders [shall incur the following penalties], besides the punishments pronounced by law against those who carry arms and other prohibited things to any of the Saracens, which we wish them to incur by so doing; if they be single persons, they shall incur the sentence of excommunication; if a community or corporation of a city, castle, village, or place, that city, castle, village, or place shall be thereby subject to the interdict; and we decree further that transgressors, collectively or individually, shall not be absolved from the sentence of excommunication, nor be able to obtain the relaxation of this interdict, by apostolic or any other authority, unless they shall first have made due satisfaction for their transgressions to Alfonso himself and his successors and to the infante, or shall have amicably agreed with them thereupon. By [these] apostolic writings we enjoin our venerable brothers, the archbishop of Lisbon, and the bishops of Silves and Ceuta, that they, or two or one of them, by himself, or another or others, as often as they or any of them shall be required on the part of the aforesaid King Alfonso and his successors and the infante or any one of them, on Sundays, and other festival days, in the churches, while a large multitude of people shall assemble there for divine worship, do declare and denounce by apostolic authority that those persons who have been proved to have incurred such sentences of excommunication and interdict, are excommunicated and interdicted, and have been and are involved in the other punishments aforesaid. And we decree that they shall also cause them to be denounced by others, and to be strictly avoided by all, till they shall have made satisfaction for or compromised their transgressions as aforesaid. Offenders are to be held in check by ecclesiastical censure, without regard to appeal, the apostolic constitutions and ordinances and all other things whatsoever to the contrary notwithstanding. But in order that the present letters, which have been issued by us of our certain knowledge and after mature deliberation thereupon, as is aforesaid, may not hereafter be impugned by anyone as fraudulent, secret, or void, we will, and by the authority, knowledge, and power aforementioned, we do likewise by these letters, decree and declare that the said letters and what is contained therein cannot in any wise be impugned, or the effect thereof hindered or obstructed, on account of any defect of fraudulency, secrecy, or nullity, not even from a defect of the ordinary or of any other authority, or from any other defect, but that they shall be valid forever and shall obtain full authority. And if anyone, by whatever authority, shall, wittingly or unwittingly, attempt anything inconsistent with these orders we decree that his act shall be null and void. Moreover, because it would be difficult to carry our present letters to all places whatsoever, we will, and by the said authority we decree by these letters, that faith shall be given as fully and permanently to copies of them, certified under the hand of a notary public and the seal of the episcopal or any superior ecclesiastical court, as if the said original letters were exhibited or shown; and we decree that within two months from the day when these present letters, or the paper or parchment containing the tenor of the same, shall be affixed to the doors of the church at Lisbon, the sentences of excommunication and the other sentences contained therein shall bind all and singular offenders as fully as if these present letters had been made known and presented to them in person and lawfully. Therefore let no one infringe or with rash boldness contravene this our declaration, constitution, gift, grant, appropriation, decree, supplication, exhortation, injunction, inhibition, mandate, and will. But if anyone should presume to do so, be it known to him that he will incur the wrath of Almighty God and of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul. Given at Rome , at Saint Peter’s, on the eighth day of January, in the year of the incarnation of our Lord one thousand four hundred and fifty-four, and in the eighth year of our pontificate. Bibliographic reference This English translation of Romanus Pontifex is a reproduction of its publication in European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, Frances Gardiner Davenport, editor, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917, Washington, D.C. , at pp. 20-26. The original text in Latin is in the same volume, at pp. 13-20. http://www.romancatholicism.org/popes-slavery.htm

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Is this comment offensive or spam? Report it Rate: + - Rating: +1   niborrella69 wrote 5 months ago: This is the kind of information that nee Rating: +1 Show This is the kind of information that needs to be spread around, as it's high time oil is  used for other things than burning it for fuel. The technology is out there if the powers  that be would just let us use it. And may I recommend watching "The day before disclosure"  as it will open your eyes TO THE TRUTH. Is this comment offensive or spam? Report it Rate: + - Rating: +1   WindyCityBluez wrote 9 months ago: This is a great video thanks for sharing Rating: +1 Show This is a great video thanks for sharing. if it weren't for the "Powers that be" aka Shadow government we would have FREE ENERGY {clean inexpensive, the future} Free Energy! http://stagevu.com/video/neqrodzqxrpb Free Energy The Race to Zero Point In this award-winning, feature length, two-hour broadcast-quality Documentary you will learn about  the latest developments in the field of Free and Zero Point Energy from Tesla to Dennis Lee.Hosted by Bill Jenkins, formerly of ABC Radio, this comprehensive documentary features physicists and inventors who are challenging orthodox science to bring this non-polluting technology forward despite ridicule and suppression. See actual working prototypesthat defy classical physics including phenomenal experiments in anti-gravity and the transmutation of metals. http://stagevu.com/video/hasrelfumlzy  parallel universes          http://stagevu.com/video/ivypboyfzmwc Scientists now believe there may really be a parallel universe - in fact, there may be an  infinite number of parallel universes, and we just happen to live in one of them. These  other universes contain space, time and strange forms of exotic matter. Some of them may  even contain you, in a slightly different form. Astonishingly, scientists believe that these parallel universes exist less than one millimetre away from us. In fact, our gravity  is just a weak signal leaking out of another universe into ours. BBC Horizon - We are the Aliens Tag fll for preview                http://stagevu.com/video/bswzeqhvermc   BBC Horizon - We are the Aliens PREVIEW -          http://stagevu.com/video/sypdohgbvbxo Searching for videos having tags occ           http://stagevu.com/search?for=occ&in=tags#eyJzY3JpcHRpZCI6MSwiY2xhc3MiOiJzZWFyY2hsaXN0IiwidGVtcGxhdGUiOiJzZWFyY2giLC JkZXNjcmlwdGlvbmxlbiI6MzAwLCJib3h3aWR0aCI6MjAwLCJzZXJpYWxpemVkIjoiZ1dkRE01eTZtdzhKb1F3WlRiZE9NTUhBZU5BbjIzeXNkY nprRnY0a0V1dkNhX3JWNHgzZTZaZTJuQU5iUVhGakVHMkkyZThpQTZ1cmdkY3RzZzNGcjhpcUd6WkptWEpBR3dSb3N0TUJGUmtmcWdnZ S1EdUloZ0stT3gwU25uVmh1c0tOZGVoN0N6V1N6NXVoLWdjRC1pSTR1R3l2T1doN0dKRnFwekFOSDFWbmlBejF2RXZPZk44NTlKTHJ4Vk R6IiwicGVycGFnZSI6MjUsInBhZ2UiOjN9 National Geographic - Earth Investigated - Time Travel - The THEORY          http://stagevu.com/video/ngaenmwfwoen AN IDEA, TIME TRAVEL AND MILITARY  TRAVELING THROUGH TIME Could this science fiction idea turn into reality? Find out what's behind the case for time travel. Operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron in Colorado, the Global Positioning System (GPS)  is the world's only global utility and the largest military satellite constellation. One of the world's largest and most respected centers for scientific research is CERN, the European  Organization for Nuclear Research. Its goal is fundamental physics, learning what the universe is  made of and how it all works. In addition to the three-dimensional world we live in, we also live in the fourth dimension of time.  In fact, the 4th dimension of time is so interwoven with the other three dimensions of space, that  physicists now have one name for the four dimensions altogether: space-time. Black holes are believed to form from stars or other massive objects if and when they collapse from their own gravity to form an object whose density is infinite — in other words, a singularity. The gravitational pull of a black hole stretches and warps space-time around it to an incredibly deep cone-shaped hole. Because the gravity of the black hole is so intense it drastically slows down time. The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second. Nothing travels faster than the speed of light, which acts as a cosmic speed limit. Chandra X-Ray Observatory is located 200 times higher than the Hubble Telescope and provides scientists with new data on black holes by observing particles before they fall into a black hole. At 45 feet long, it is the largest satellite the shuttle has ever launched. Chandra X-Ray Observatory sends back x-ray images ten times sharper than the best previous x-ray  telescope. That's the equivalent of reading a stop sign from twelve miles away. In Ceremonies Begin Responsibilities Part 1                      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5TdpCdRqxk&playnext=1&list=PLF148C5BDCEB65F0D In Ceremonies Begin Responsibilities Part 2              http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2BA88R_pkw&feature=player_embedded#at=149 History of the Cannabis Cup Menorah http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVH-AhEVSiw&feature= autoplay&list=PLF148C5BDCEB65F0D&index=6&playnext=3 http://hightimes.com/public/cancup/ National Geographic's Lions of Darkness       http://stagevu.com/video/cwavflkvboov Rarely before has the drama of life on the wild plains of Africa been portrayed more  intimately than in this remarkable film from renowned wildlife filmmakers Dereck and Beverly Joubert. It's the gripping story of a growing lion pride in Botswana that  begins as three outsiders - young and aggressive - invade the pride's territory and depose its aged leader. Their swift, merciless victory opens a new era for the pride.  The eight lionesses soon give birth to their new leaders' cubs and there are young  everywhere, feeding, playing and training for survival. But danger lurks behind virtually every bush, whether from ever-present hyenas or from a clever mongoose. One lonely cub, born late and orphaned early, endures hardships so heart-rending the  filmmakers were tempted to intervene. But they decided to let nature run its unpredictable  course. The result, captured on film forever, is the story of an incredible little cub's  struggle to survive. Join National Geographic on an up-close adventure to Africa, where  two of the world's best wildlife filmmakers reveal LIONS OF DARKNESS After the incidents that occurred in Russia by the Nazi's, Berliners were so afraid of Soviet retribution that some 100,000 killed themselves instead of face capture. National Geographic - Hitlers Hidden City TAG occ http://stagevu.com/video/xkxalweelfkr There were three giant Flak towers built to protect the capital and one of them provided shelter  for 33,000 Berliners at the end of the war.After the incidents that occurred in Russia by the Nazi's, Berliners were so afraid of Soviet retribution that some 100,000 killed themselves instead of face capture.The Allied 24 hour ‘Carpet Bombing’- designed to break Berliners' morale-  hit the city as a whole.From 1940 – 1944, Hitler ordered over 1000 bunkers to be built in Berlin. Some of the main public bunkers were almost self-sufficient, with hospitals, electricity generators  and water wells inside them.By the end of the war, the conditions in the bunkers were appalling.  With three times the planned capacity of people cowering inside, there was barely enough room to  stand.Thousands of slave workers were employed to build the giant Flak Towers. The Flak towers were all blown up after the war; those that remained were filled with the rubble from the ones that were destroyed.For the final 'Battle for Berlin,' over a million Russian troops faced a ragtag  'army' of 70,000 Germans. The Nazis secretly constructed their Focke Wulf fighter jets at Berlin’s  premier airport.Hitler planned to transform Berlin into a giant city to be called 'Germania.'The main feature of Germania would be the Great Hall – planned to be so big that 17 replicas of  St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome could fit inside the dome.Hitler, entombed in his Führerbunker, had lost all grasp on reality. Even with the government quarter surrounded by Russians, he felt he  could still win the war.Hitler committed suicide along with his doggedly loyal wife Eva Braun once  he realized that he could not win the war. His right hand man Goebbels also killed himself, after first giving cyanide to his six young children.With attacks from the Allies in the air, and the  Russians on the streets, by the end of the war Berlin was unrecognizable. Nearly everything was  destroyed. National Geographic: Hitlers Hidden City        http://stagevu.com/video/njueylgssvck                     National Geographic - Hitler and the Occult TAG occ                  http://stagevu.com/video/phnyqzbedfhq National Geographic: Hitler And The Occult       http://stagevu.com/video/rkathhlbxibt Henry Ford's Mirror of America (Part I) (1962) Documentary         http://stagevu.com/video/ggheeorbpxce Compilation of images and sequences from the Ford Film Collection, with excellent footage of United States history, culture, industry and daily life between about 1915 and 1930. Highlights include Coney Island, the increasing pervasiveness of the automobile in American life, and early manufacturing footage.   Henry Ford's Mirror of America (Part II) (1962) Documentary           http://stagevu.com/video/zbphwsvzycnn Dark vision of drug use and its effect on American youth. Producer: Mel Marshall Creative Commons license: Public Domain  from http://www.archive.org http://web.archive.org/web/20080319010937/http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/asymmetrical-accademitus--_598.html

http://laughlovewrite.wordpress.com/page/3/ http://laughlovewrite.wordpress.com/page/3/ Dalton Ghetti Pencil Sculptures September 15, 2010 at 10:20 am (Interesting stuff)  Being a writer, pen/pencil kleptomaniac and an appreciator of fine art, I simply have to share the contents of an email I received. I am copying the email verbatim in a way to not change any copyrights from the original sender (I like to give credit where it is due and I think this might have been in the New York Times). SO take a minute to appreciate the sheer talent of this extraordinary, patient man. Pencil sculptures: miniature masterpieces carved into graphite by Dalton Ghetti  Dalton Ghetti makes sculptures out of pencils, including a tiny saw and a pencil whose center has been carved into a chain, which is framed.      Many artists have used pencils to create works of art – but Dalton Ghetti creates miniature masterpieces on the tips of pencils The alphabet, all carved from 26 pencil tips   Dalton, who works as a carpenter, has been making his tiny graphite works for about 25 years A sculpture of Elvis Presley wearing shades, carved from a single pencil    The 49 year old said: “At school I would carve a friend’s name into the wood of a pencil and then give it to them as a present. Later, when I got into sculpture, I would make these huge pieces from things like wood, but decided I wanted to challenge myself by trying to make things as small as possible. I experimented sculpting with different materials, such as chalk, but one day I had an eureka moment and decided to carve into the graphite of a pencil” A tiny saw, using both the wood and graphite of a single pencil   Dalton uses three basic tools to make his incredible creations – a razor blade, sewing needle and sculpting knife. He even refuses to use a magnifying glass and has never sold any of his work, only given it away to friends. He said: “I use the sewing needle to make holes or dig into the graphite. I scratch and create lines and turn the graphite around slowly in my hand”   The longest Dalton has spent on one piece was two and half years on a pencil with interlinking chains. A standard figure will take several months. He said: “The interlinking chains took the most effort and I was really pleased with it because it’s so intricate people think it must be two pencils”    When Dalton, from Connecticut, USA, first started he would become frustrated when a piece would break before being finished after he had spent months working on it. He said: “It would drive me mad when I would be just a bit too heavy handed and the pencil’s tip would break. I would get very nervous sometimes, particularly when the piece was almost finished, and then I would make a mistake. I decided to change the way I thought about the work – when I started a new piece my attitude would be ‘well this will break eventually but let’s see how far I get. It helped me break fewer pencils, and although I still do break them, it’s not as often” A tiny key hangs from a ring   Dalton, who is originally from Brazil, has a box full of more than 100 sculptures that have broken while working on them that he affectionately calls ‘the cemetery collection’. He said: “I have quite a few broken pieces so I decided to glue them on pins and into styrofoam for a display case. People might think it’s weird I keep them but they’re still interesting. I worked on them for months so they might be dead now but at one point I gave them life”    Dalton has made about 100 carvings, and is currently working on an epic piece inspired by the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center. He said: “I decided to make a teardrop pencil carving for each of the people who died in the attack, about 3,000. Since 2002 I have carved one every day, it takes me under an hour. When I’m done they will form one big tear drop. It will take me about 10 years but it will be worth it” Two interlocking hearts, carved from one pencil   “I don’t make any money from it but that’s not what it’s about for me. However, I would love for a gallery owner in England to  fly me over to put on a show,” he said Dalton hollowed out the centre of the wood, then carved the central column of graphite to create this hanging, linked heart   Carved from the graphite in a normal pencil: A tiny hammer   Carved from the graphite in a normal pencil: A tiny button   This carving shows a goblet being held by a hand, all carved from one pencil’s graphite   Carved from the graphite in a normal pencil: A highly-detailed boot   A miniature graphite chair   Using the eraser end of a pencil, Dalton created a tiny cross sculpture from the internal graphite   A mini mailbox on a post   An intricately- detailed screw, carved in one piece from a pencil’s graphite  http://laughlovewrite.wordpress.com/page/3/ Sheesh! How talented can you get…

My god is not a landlord or a pimp.

The Conquistadors justified their behaviour by maintaining that the Indians were mere "savages" and that it was necessary to populate America with more "civilized" Christians. This despite the fact that when Cortès arrived in Mexico, at the capital of the Aztecs, he discovered a formidable city of over a million inhabitants, larger than any great European capital. As well, the city possessed a network of well laid-out streets and a sewer system that was far more developed than anything in Europe. In Spain, at that time, chamber pots were emptied out of windows. In summer, some streets of Madrid stank so strongly that it was often difficult to breathe. Despite all this, the Conquistadors destroyed the Aztec civilization and looted its treasures.

Zoroastrian Worship - Iran 95,606 views journeymanpictures — Jan 22, 2008 — 1 November 1999 Hidden away in the folds of Iran's mountains lie the holy towns of the Zoroastrians, the ancient religion that continues  to defy Iranian Islamic fundamentalism. Produced by ABC Australia Distributed by Journeyman Pictures Loading... HenrySpiritedJigsaw (4 months ago) Zoroastrianism - The true religion of Persia and all Iranian peoples. autriii (3 months ago) @azozyQ8 hey muslim, im zoroastrian and im cool with yours too =) utash321 (3 days ago) >> mohammad married an old rich widow when he was young and poor! He got himself a 6 years old child girl when he was an old man! lifeovdeath (3 days ago) I don't know why racist "rational" humans have hate against Islam. If some Iranians don't like to worship the one god that created them, then go back to your fire worship. Let's see where fire will take you. And the to idiots who say "Iran wad better off without Islam" it would have been just another American colony right now. O and I suggest people study history. The Persian mathmatitions in the Mid evil times that brought pride to Iran are all Muslim. shantiz123 (1 week ago) screw the mullahs and their dogma!  utash321 (2 weeks ago) Message of Asho Zartosht Forever! Message of Asho Zartosht Forever! sabrinalight (2 weeks ago) Persia used to be great before islam gorgealaki (2 weeks ago) @Arabman666 Well, I think al-Tabari alone is enough for a reliable "scholarly" historical source even to non-muslims. Also Egypt's historicl-cultural background predates Islam for at least 1600 years. I do not have an extreme bias, only report history and try to see things in the cold light of day without divinizing kings and caliphs. anyway, I agree with you on the point that it turns out we cannot compromise an agreement. peace and good luck. Arabman666 (3 weeks ago) @gorgealaki I think both of us have an extreme bias. There's no way either one of us will win an argument. There are historic elements you've listed that are no where near scholarly consensus. Likewise, you listed a fraction of the Scholars. Scholarly opinion today site verses from the Quran to ration why so many scientific discoveries came from the Muslims (I also count Egypt and Andalusian scholars) That, and I don't have plenty of time to discuss. I just wanted to make a point. Peace gorgealaki (3 weeks ago) @Arabman666 and friendship of the two nations after all that happend to the middle east and it's civilized nations and their culture.

http://laughlovewrite.wordpress.com/page/3/ Writers Persecuted for their Literature September 24, 2010 at 12:46 pm (Banned Books Week) Amnesty International USA provides lists of indivisuals who are in danger, in prison or on the run because of the literature they have produced. Banned Books Week, is not confined to one week alone. This situation is an ongoing threat that is more dangerous than we realize. It begins with dislike and prejudice, turns to censorship and banning, on to burning – then before we know it, our writers will be running for their lives. This is not a world we want to live in. AS franklin Roosevelt said: “If in other lands the press and books and literature of all kinds are censored, we must redouble our efforts here to keep them free” The Faces of the Persecuted AZERBAIJAN Eynulla Fatullayev journalist harassed and imprisoned After writing another series of articles critical of the government, including a discussion of possible consequences for Azerbaijan of a US-Iranian war, which the Azerbaijani authorities regarded as a threat of terrorism, Eynulla Fatullayev was sentenced (30 October 2007) to an additional eight and a half years’ imprisonment on various charges lacking plausible evidence and considered to be politically motivated. In April 2010 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Eynulla Fatullayev’s conviction violated his rights to free expression, that he had been unfairly tried, and that there was “no justification for the imposition of a prison sentence”.  CHINA Nurmemet Yasin writer in prison Uighur poet & story writer Nurmemet Yasin is serving a 10-year prison sentence for writing an allegorical short story that the authorities consider to be a veiled indictment of their rule in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR). He is a prisoner of conscience.   IRAN Hengameh Shahidi imprisoned journalist Hengameh Shahidi, aged about 35, is a journalist and political activist who is currently serving a six-year sentence in Evin Prison, Tehran, while suffering from a heart condition that requires regular medication. She is a prisoner of conscience.  MOROCCO Chekib El-Khiari journalist jailed & fined Journalist and human rights defender Chekib El-Khiari is serving a three-year sentence in Taza prison. Amnesty International considers him to be a prisoner of conscience imprisoned solely for his legitimate and peaceful human rights work.  RWANDA Jean Leonard Rugambage journalist killed Rwandan journalist Jean Leonard Rugambage was killed on 24 June 2010. Authorities should establish an independent commission of inquiry into the killing and ensure that other journalists can work in safety. Over recent years, Rwandan journalists working for non-state media frequently have been threatened and physically assaulted.   SRI LANKA Prageeth Eknaligoda journalist & cartoonist disappeared Journalist, cartoonist and political analyst Prageeth Eknaligoda disappeared from Homagama, near the capital, Colombo, shortly after leaving work at the Lanka-e-News office on 24 January 2010. http://laughlovewrite.wordpress.com/page/3/ Banned and Challenged Classic Books September 24, 2010 at 12:20 pm (Banned Books Week) Celebrate your freedom to read on Banned Books Week 2010 – Sept 25-Oct 3 - Info about these banned and challenged books was from ala.org: The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald Challenged at the Baptist College in Charleston, SC (1987) because of “language and sexual references in the book.”  Source: 2010 Banned Books Resource Guide by Robert P. Doyle. The Catcher in the Rye, JD Salinger Since its publication, this title has been a favorite target of censors. In 1960, a teacher in Tulsa, OK was fired for assigning the book to an eleventh grade English class.The teacher appealed and was reinstated by the school board, but the book was removed from use in the school. In 1963, a delegation of parents of high school students in Columbus, OH, asked the school board to ban the novel for being “anti-white” and “obscene.” The school board refused the request. Removed from the Selinsgrove, PA suggested reading list (1975). Based on parents’ objections to the language and content of the book, the school board voted 5-4 to ban the book.  The book was later reinstated in the curriculum when the board learned that the vote was illegal because they needed a two-thirds vote for removal of the text.  Challenged as an assignment in an American literature class in Pittsgrove, NJ (1977).  After months of controversy, the board ruled that the novel could be read in the Advanced Placement class, but they gave parents the right to decide whether or not their children would read it. Removed from the Issaquah, WA optional High School reading list (1978). Removed from the required reading list in Middleville, MI (1979). Removed from the Jackson Milton school libraries in North Jackson, OH (1980). Removed from two Anniston, AL High school libraries (1982), but later reinstated on a restrictive basis. Removed from the school libraries in Morris, Manitoba (1982) along with two other books because they violate the committee’s guidelines covering “excess vulgar language, sexual scenes, things concerning moral issues, excessive violence, and anything dealing with the occult.” Challenged at the Libby, MT High School (1983) due to the “book’s contents.” Banned from English classes at the Freeport High School in De Funiak Springs, FL (1985) because it is “unacceptable” and “obscene.” Removed from the required reading list of a Medicine Bow, WY Senior High School English class (1986) because of sexual references and profanity in the book. Banned from a required sophomore English reading list at the Napoleon, ND High School (1987) after parents and the local Knights of Columbus chapter complained about its profanity and sexual references. Challenged at the Linton-Stockton, IN High School (1988) because the book is “blasphemous and undermines morality.” Banned from the classrooms in Boron, CA High School (1989) because the book contains profanity. Challenged at the Grayslake, IL Community High School (1991). Challenged at the Jamaica High School in Sidell, IL (1992) because the book contained profanities and depicted premarital sex, alcohol abuse, and prostitution. Challenged in the Waterloo, IA schools (1992) and Duval County, FL public school libraries (1992) because of profanity, lurid passages about sex, and statements defamatory to minorities, God, women, and the disabled. Challenged at the Cumberland Valley Nigh School in Carlisle, PA (1992) because of a parent’s objections that it contains profanity and is immoral. Challenged, but retained, at the New Richmond, WI High School (1994) for use in some English classes. Challenged as required reading in the Corona Norco, CA Unified School District (1993) because it is “centered around negative activity.” The book was retained and teachers selected alternatives if students object to Salinger’s novel. Challenged as mandatory reading in the Goffstown, NH schools (1994) because of the vulgar words used and the sexual exploits experienced in the book. Challenged at the St. Johns County Schools in St. Augustine, FL (1995). Challenged at the Oxford Hills High School in Paris, ME (1996). A parent objected to the use of the ‘F’ word. Challenged, but retained, at the Glynn Academy High School in Brunswick, GA (1997). A student objected to the novel’s profanity and sexual references. Removed because of profanity and sexual situations from the required reading curriculum of the Marysville, CA Joint Unified School District (1997). The school superintendent removed it to get it “out of the way so that we didn’t have that polarization over a book.” Challenged, but retained on the shelves of Limestone County, AL school district (2000) despite objections about the book’s foul language. Banned, but later reinstated after community protests at the Windsor Forest High School in Savannah, GA (2000). The controversy began in early 1999 when a parent complained about sex, violence, and profanity in the book that was part of an Advanced Placement English class. Removed by a Dorchester District 2 school board member in Summerville, SC (2001) because it “is a filthy, filthy book.” Challenged by a Glynn County, GA (2001) school board member because of profanity. The novel was retained.  Challenged in the Big Sky High School in Missoula, MT (2009). The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck Burned by the East St. Louis, IL Public Library (1939) and barred from the Buffalo, NY Public Library (1939) on the grounds that “vulgar words” were used. Banned in Kansas City, MO (1939); Banned in Kern County CA the scene of Steinbeck’s novel, (1939); Banned in Ireland ( 1953); On Feb. 21, 1973, eleven Turkish book publishers went on trial before an Istanbul martial law tribunal on charges of publishing, possessing and selling books in violation of an order of the Istanbul martial law command. They faced possible sentences of between one month’s and six months’ imprisonment “for spreading propaganda unfavorable to the state” and the confiscation of their books. Eight booksellers were also on trial with the publishers on the same charge involving the Grapes of Wrath; Banned in Kanawha, IA High School classes (1980); Challenged in Vernon Verona Sherill, NY School District (1980); Challenged as required reading for Richford, VT (1981) High School English students due to the book’s language and portrayal of a former minister who recounts how he took advantage of a young woman. Banned in Morris, Manitoba, Canada (1982); Removed from two Anniston, Ala. high school libraries (1982), but later reinstated on a restrictive basis. Challenged at the Cummings High School in Burlington, NC (1986) as an optional reading assignment because the “book is full of filth. My son is being raised in a Christian home and this book takes the Lord’s name in vain and has all kinds of profanity in it.” Although the parent spoke to the press, a formal complaint with the school demanding the book’s removal was not filed. Challenged at the Moore County school system in Carthage, NC (1986) because the book contains the phase “God damn:” Challenged in the Greenville, SC schools (1991) because the book uses the name of God and Jesus in a “vain and profane manner along with inappropriate sexual references.” Challenged in the Union City, TN High School classes(1993). To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee Challenged in Eden Valley, MN (1977) and temporarily banned due to words “damn” and “whore lady” used in the novel. Challenged in the Vernon Verona Sherill, NY School District (1980) as a “filthy, trashy novel.” Challenged at the Warren, IN Township schools (1981) because the book does “psychological damage to the positive integration process” and “represents institutionalized racism under the guise of good literature.” After unsuccessfully banning Lee’s novel, three black parents resigned from the township human relations advisory council. Challenged in the Waukegan, IL School District (1984) because the novel uses the word “nigger.” Challenged in the Kansas City, MO junior high schools (1985); Challenged at the Park Hill, MO Junior High School (1985) because the novel “contains profanity and racial slurs.”; Retained on a supplemental eighth grade reading list in the Casa Grande, AZ Elementary School District (1985), despite the protests by black parents and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People who charged the book was unfit for junior high use. Challenged at the Santa Cruz, CA Schools (1995) because of its racial themes; Removed from the Southwood High School Library in Caddo Parish, LA (1995) because the book’s language and content were objectionable. Challenged at the Moss Point, MS School District (1996) because the novel contains a racial epithet; Banned from the Lindale, TX advanced placement English reading list (1996) because the book “conflicted with the values of the community.” Challenged by a Glynn County, GA (2001) School Board member because of profanity. The novel was retained; Returned to the freshman reading list at Muskogee, OK High School (2001) despite complaints over the years from black students and parents about racial slurs in the text. Challenged in the Normal, IL Community High School’s sophomore literature class (2003) as being degrading to African Americans. Challenged at the Stanford Middle School in Durham, NC (2004) because the 1961 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel uses the word “nigger.”  Challenged at the Brentwood, TN Middle School (2006) because the book contains “profanity” and “contains adult themes such as sexual intercourse, rape, and incest.”  The complainants also contend that the book’s use of racial slurs promotes “racial hatred, racial division, racial separation, and promotes white supremacy.”  Retained in the English curriculum by the Cherry Hill, NJ Board of Education (2007).  A resident had objected to the novel’s depiction of how blacks are treated by members of a racist white community in an Alabama town during the Depression.  The resident feared the book would upset black children reading it.  Removed (2009) from the St. Edmund Campion Secondary School classrooms in Brampton Ontario, Canada because a parent objected to language used in the novel, including the word “nigger.” The Color Purple, Alice Walker Challenged as appropriate reading for Oakland, CA High School honors class (1984) due to the work’s “sexual and social explicitness” and its “troubling ideas about race relations, man’s relationship to God, African history, and human sexuality.” After nine months of haggling and delays, a divided Oakland Board of Education gave formal approval for the book’s use. Rejected for purchase by the Hayward, CA school’s trustee (1985) because of “rough language” and “explicit sex scenes.” Removed from the open shelves of the Newport News, VA school library (1986) because of its “profanity and sexual references” and placed in a special section accessible only to students over the age of 18 or who have written permission from a parent. Challenged at the public libraries of Saginaw, MI (1989) because it was “too sexually graphic for a 12-year-old.”  Challenged as a summer youth program reading assignment in Chattanooga, TN (1989) because of its language and “explicitness.”  Challenged as an optional reading assigned in Ten Sleep, WY schools (1990). Challenged as a reading assignment at the New Burn, NC High School (1992) because the main character is raped by her stepfather. Banned in the Souderton, PA Area School District (1992) as appropriate reading for 10th graders because it is “smut.” Challenged on the curricular reading list at Pomperaug High School in Southbury, CT (1995) because sexually explicit passages aren’t appropriate high school reading. Retained as an English course reading assignment in the Junction City, OR high school (1995) after a challenge to Walker’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel caused months of controversy. Although an alternative assignment was available, the book was challenged due to “inappropriate language, graphic sexual scenes, and book’s negative image of black men.” Challenged at the St. Johns County Schools in St. Augustine, FL (1995). Retained on the Round Rock, TX Independent High School reading list (1996) after a challenge that the book was too violent. Challenged, but retained, as part of the reading list for Advanced Placement English classes at Northwest High Schools in High Point, NC (1996). The book was challenged because it is “sexually graphic and violent.” Removed from the Jackson County, WV school libraries (1997) along with sixteen other titles. Challenged, but retained as part of a supplemental reading list at the Shawnee School in Lima, OH (1999). Several parents described its content as vulgar and “X-rated.” Removed from the Ferguson High School library in Newport News, VA (1999). Students may request and borrow the book with parental approval. Challenged, along with seventeen other titles in the Fairfax County, VA elementary and secondary libraries (2002), by a group called Parents Against Bad Books in Schools. The group contends the books “contain profanity and descriptions of drug abuse, sexually explicit conduct, and torture.” Challenged in Burke County (2008) schools in Morgantown, NC by parents concerned about the homosexuality, rape, and incest portrayed in the book. Ulysses, James Joyce Burned in the U.S. (1918), Ireland (1922), Canada (1922), England (1923) and banned in England (1929). Beloved, Toni Morrison Challenged at the St. Johns County Schools in St. Augustine, FL (1995). Retained on the Round Rock, TX Independent High School reading list (1996) after a challenge that the book was too violent. Challenged by a member of the Madawaska, ME School Committee (1997) because of the book’s language. The 1987 Pulitzer Prize winning novel has been required reading for the advanced placement English class for six years. Challenged in the Sarasota County, FL schools (1998) because of sexual material.  Retained on the Northwest Suburban High School District 214 reading listing in Arlington Heights, IL (2006), along with eight other challenged titles.  A board member, elected amid promises to bring her Christian beliefs into all board decision-making, raised the controversy based on excerpts from the books she’d found on the Internet.  Challenged in the Coeur d’Alene School District, ID (2007).  Some parents say the book, along with five others, should require parental permission for students to read them.  Pulled from the senior Advanced Placement (AP) English class at Eastern High School in Louisville, KY (2007) because two parents complained that the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel about antebellum slavery depicted the inappropriate topics of bestiality, racism, and sex.  The principal ordered teachers to start over with The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne in preparation for upcoming AP exams. The Lord of the Flies, William Golding Challenged at the Dallas, TX Independent School District high school libraries (1974); Challenged at the Sully Buttes, SD High School (1981); Challenged at the Owen, NC High School (1981) because the book is “demoralizing inasmuch as it implies that man is little more than an animal”; Challenged at the Marana, AZ High School (1983) as an inappropriate reading assignment. Challenged at the Olney, TX Independent School District (1984) because of “excessive violence and bad language.” A committee of the Toronto, Canada Board of Education ruled on June 23, 1988, that the novel is “racist and recommended that it be removed from all schools.” Parents and members of the black community complained about a reference to “niggers” in the book and said it denigrates blacks. Challenged in the Waterloo, IA schools (1992) because of profanity, lurid passages about sex, and statements defamatory to minorities, God, women and the disabled. Challenged, but retained on the ninth-grade accelerated English reading list in Bloomfield, NY (2000). 1984, George Orwell Challenged in the Jackson County, FL (1981) because Orwell’s novel is “pro-communist and contained explicit sexual matter.” Lolita, Vladmir Nabokov Banned as obscene in France (1956-1959), in England (1955-59), in Argentina (1959), and in New Zealand (1960). The South African Directorate of Publications announced on November 27, 1982, that Lolita has been taken off the banned list, eight years after a request for permission to market the novel in paperback has been refused.  Challenged at the Marion-Levy Public Library System in Ocala, FL (2006).  The Marion County commissioners voted to have the county attorney review the novel that addresses the themes of pedophilia and incest, to determine if it meets the state law’s definition of “unsuitable for minors.” Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck Banned in Ireland (1953); Syracuse, IN (1974); Oil City, PA (I977); Grand Blanc, MI (1979); Continental, OH (1980) and other communities. Challenged in Greenville, SC (1977) by the Fourth Province of the Knights of the Ku Klux KIan; Vernon Verona Sherill, NY School District (1980); St. David, AZ (1981) and Tell City, IN (1982) due to “profanity and using God’s name in vain.” Banned from classroom use at the Scottsboro, AL Skyline High School (1983) due to “profanity.” The Knoxville, TN School Board chairman vowed to have “filthy books” removed from Knoxville’s public schools (1984) and picked Steinbeck’s novel as the first target due to “its vulgar language.” Reinstated at the Christian County, KY school libraries and English classes (1987) after being challenged as vulgar and offensive. Challenged in the Marion County, WV schools (1988), at the Wheaton Warrenville, IL Middle School (1988), and at the Berrien Springs, MI High School (1988) because the book contains profanity. Removed from the Northside High School in Tuscaloosa, AL (1989) because the book “has profane use of God’s name.” Challenged as a summer youth program reading assignment in Chattanooga, TN (1989) because “Steinbeck is known to have had an anti business attitude:” In addition, “he was very questionable as to his patriotism:’ Removed from all reading lists and collected at the White Chapel High School in Pine Bluff, AR (1989) because of objections to language. Challenged as appropriate for high school reading lists in the Shelby County, TN school system (1989) because the novel contained “offensive language.” Challenged, but retained in a Salina, KS (1990) tenth grade English class despite concerns that it contained “profanity” and “takes the Lord’s name in vain.” Challenged by a Fresno, CA (1991) parent as a tenth grade English college preparatory curriculum assignment, citing “profanity” and “racial slurs.” The book was retained, and the child of the objecting parent was provided with an alternative reading assignment. Challenged in the Riveria, TX schools (1990) because it contains profanity. Challenged as curriculum material at the Ringgold High School in Carroll Township, PA (1991) because the novel contains terminology offensive to blacks. Removed and later returned to the Suwannee, FL High School library (1991) because the book is “indecent” Challenged at the Jacksboro, TN High School (1991) because the novel contains “blasphemous” language, excessive cursing, and sexual overtones. Challenged as required reading in the Buckingham County, VA schools (1991) because of profanity. In 1992 a coalition of community members and clergy in Mobile, AL requested that local school officials form a special textbook screening committee to “weed out objectionable things:” Steinbeck’s novel was the first target because it contained “profanity” and “morbid and depressing themes.’ Temporarily removed from the Hamilton, OH High School reading list (1992) after a parent complained about its vulgarity and racial slurs. Challenged in the Waterloo, IA schools (1992) and the Duval County, FL public school libraries (1992) because of profanity, lurid passages about sex, and statements defamatory to minorities, God, women, and the disabled.  Challenged at the Modesto, CA High School as recommended reading (1992) because of “offensive and racist language.” The word “nigger” appears in the book. Challenged at the Oak Hill High School in Alexandria, LA (1992) because of profanity. Challenged as an appropriate English curriculum assignment at the Mingus, AZ Union High School (1993) because of “profane language, moral statement, treatment of the retarded, and the violent ending.” Pulled from a classroom by Putnam County, TN school superintendent (1994) “due to the language.’ Later, after discussions with the school district counsel, it was reinstated. The book was challenged in the Loganville, GA High School (1994) because of its “vulgar language throughout.” Challenged in the Galena, KS school library (1995) because of the book’s language and social implications. Retained in the Bemidji, MN schools (1995) after challenges to the book’s “objectionable” language. Challenged at the Stephens County High School library in Toccoa, Ga (I995) because of “curse words.’’  The book was retained. Challenged, but retained in a Warm Springs, VA High School (1995) English class. Banned from the Washington Junior High School curriculum in Peru, IL (1997) because it was deemed “age inappropriate:” Challenged, but retained, in the Louisville, OH high school English classes (1997) because of profanity. Removed, restored, restricted, and eventually retained at the Bay County schools in Panama City, FL (1997). A citizen group, the 100 Black United, Inc., requested the novel’s removal and “any other inadmissible literary books that have racial slurs in them, such as the using of the word ‘Nigger.” Challenged as a reading list assignment for a ninth grade literature class, but retained at the Sauk Rapids Rice High School in St. Cloud, MN (1997). A parent complained that the book’s use of racist language led to racist behavior and racial harassment. Challenged in O’Hara Park Middle School classrooms in Oakley, CA (1998) because it contains racial epithets. Challenged, but retained, in the Bryant, AR school library (1998) because of a parent’s complaint that the book “takes God’s name in vain 15 times and uses Jesus’s name lightly.”  Challenged at the Barron, WI School District (1998). Challenged, but retained in the sophomore curriculum at West Middlesex, PA High School (1999) despite objections to the novel’s profanity. Challenged in the Tomah, WI School District (1999) because the novel is violent and contains obscenities. Challenged as required reading at the high school in Grandville, MI (2002) because the book “is full of racism, profanity, and foul language.” Banned from the George County, MS schools (2002) because of profanity. Challenged in the Normal, IL Community High Schools (2003) because the books contains “racial slurs, profanity, violence, and does not represent traditional values.” An alternative book, Steinbeck’s The Pearl, was offered but rejected by the family challenging the novel.  The committee then recommended The House on Mango Street and The Way to Rainy Mountain as alternatives.  Retained in the Greencastle-Antrim, PA (2006) tenth-grade English classes.  A complaint was filed because of “racial slurs” and profanity used throughout the novel.  The book has been used in the high school for more than thirty years, and those who object to its content have the option of reading an alternative reading.  Cahllenged at the Newton, IA High School (2007) because of concerns about profanity and the portrayal of Jesus Christ.  Newton High School has required students to read the book since at least the early 1980s.  In neighboring Des Moines, it is on the recommended reading list for ninth-grade English, and it is used for some special education students in the eleventh and twelfth grades.  Retained in the Olathe, KS Ninth grade curriculum (2007) despite a parent calling the novel a “worthless, profanity-riddled book” which is “derogatory towards African Americans, women, and the developmentally disabled.”  Catch-22, Joseph Heller Banned in Strongsville, OH (1972), but the school board’s action was overturned in 1976 by a U.S. District Court in Minarcini v. Strongsville City School District. Challenged at the Dallas, TX Independent School District high school libraries (1974); in Snoqualmie, WA (1979) because of its several references to women as “whores.” Brave New World, Aldous Huxley Banned in Ireland (1932). Removed from classroom in Miller, MO (1980), because it made promiscuous sex “look like fun” and challenged frequently throughout the U.S. Challenged as required reading.  Challenged as required reading at the Yukon, OK High School (1988) because of “the book’s language and moral content.” Challenged as required reading in the Corona-Norco, CA Unified School District (1993) because it is “centered around negative activity.” Specifically, parents objected that the characters’ sexual behavior directly opposed the health curriculum, which taught sexual abstinence until marriage. The book was retained, and teachers selected alternatives if students object to Huxley’s novel. Removed from the Foley, AL High School Library (2000) pending review, because a parent complained that its characters showed contempt for religion, marriage, and family.  The parent complained to the school and to Alabama Governor Don Siegelman.  Challenged, but retained in the South Texas Independent School District in Mercedes, TX (2003).  Parents objected to the adult themes – sexuality, drugs, suicide – that appeared in the novel.  Huxley’s book was part of the summer Science Academy curriculum.  The board voted to give parents more control over their children’s choices by requiring principals to automatically offer an alternative to a challenged book.  Retained in the Coeur D’Alene, ID School District (2008) despite objections that the book has to many references to sex and drug use. Animal Farm, George Orwell A Wisconsin survey revealed in 1963 that the John Birch Society had challenged the novel’s use; it objected tot he words “masses will revolt.” In 1968, the New York State English Council’s Committee on Defense Against Censorship conudcted a comparable study in New York State English classrooms. Its findings identified the novel on its list of “problem books”; the reason cited was that “Orwell was a communist.” Suppressed from being displayed at the 1977 Moscow, Russia International Book Fair. A survey of censorship challenges in the schools, conducted in DeKalb County for the period of 1979 to 1982, revealed that the novel had been objected to for its political theories. Banned from Bay County’s four middle schools and three high schools in Panama City, FL by the Bay County school superintendent in 1987. After 44 parents filed a suit against the district claiming that its instructional aids policy denies constitutional rights, the Bay County School Board reinstated the book, along with sixty-four others banned. Banned from schools in the United Arab Emirates, along with 125 others in 2002.  The Ministry of Education banned it on the grounds that it contained written or illustrated material that contradicts Islamic and Arab values–in this text, pictures of alcoholic drinks, pigs, and other “indecent images.” The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway Banned in Boston, MA (1930), Ireland (1953), Riverside, CA (1960), San Jose, CA (1960). Burned in Nazi bonfires (1933). As I Lay Dying, William Faulkner Banned in the Graves County School District in Mayfield, KY (1986) because it contained “offensive and obscene passages referring to abortion and used God’s name in vain.” The decision was reversed a week later after intense pressure from the ACLU and considerable negative publicity. Challenged as a required reading assignment in an advanced English class of Pulaski County High School in Somerset, KY (1987) because the book contains “profanity and a segment about masturbation.” Challenged, but retained, in the Carroll County, MD schools (1991). Two school board members were concerned about the book’s coarse language and dialect. Banned at Central High School in Louisville, KY (1994) temporarily because the book uses profanity and questions the existence of God. A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway The June 1929 issue of Scribner’s Magazine, which ran Hemingway’s novel, was banned in Boston, MA (1929). Banned in Italy (1929) because of its painfully accurate account of the Italian retreat from Caporetto, Italy; banned in Ireland (1939); challenged at the Dallas, TX Independent School District high school libraries (1974); challenges at the Vernon-Verona-Sherill, NY School District (1980) as a “sex novel”; burned by the Nazis in Germany (1933). Their Eyes were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston Challenged for sexual explicitness, but retained on the Stonewall Jackson High School’s academically advanced reading list in Brentsville, VA (1997). A parent objected to the novel’s language and sexual explicitness. http://laughlovewrite.wordpress.com/page/3/ Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison Excerpts banned in Butler, PA (1975); removed from the high school English reading list in St. Francis, WI (1975). Retained in the Yakima, WA schools (1994) after a five-month dispute over what advanced high school students should read in the classroom. Two parents raised concerns about profanity and images of violence and sexuality in the book and requested that it be removed from the reading list.  Song of Solomon, Toni Morrison Challenged, but retained, in the Columbus, OH schools (1993). The complainant believed that the book contains language degrading to blacks, and is sexually explicit. Removed from required reading lists and library shelves in the Richmond County, GA. School District (1994) after a parent complained that passages from the book were “filthy and inappropriate.” Challenged at the St. Johns County Schools in St. Augustine, FL (1995). Removed from the St. Mary’s County, MD schools’ approved text list (1998) by the superintendent overruling a faculty committee recommendation. Complainants referred to the novel as “filth,” “trash,” and “repulsive.”  Reinstated in the Shelby, MI school Advanced Placement English curriculum (2009), but parents are to be informed in writing and at a meeting about the book’s content.  Students not wanting to read the book can choose an alternative without academic penalty.  The Superintendent had suspended the book from the curriculum. Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell Banned from Anaheim, CA Union High School District English classrooms (1978) according to the Anaheim Secondary Teachers Association.  Challenged in Waukegan, IL School District (1984) because the novel uses the word “nigger.” Native Son, Richard Wright Challenged in Goffstown, NH (1978); Elmwood Park, NJ (1978) due to “objectionable” language; and North Adams, MA (1981) due to the book’s “violence, sex, and profanity.” Challenged at the Berrian Springs, MI High School in classrooms and libraries (1988) because the novel is “vulgar, profane, and sexually explicit.” Retained in the Yakima, WA schools (1994) after a five-month dispute over what advanced high school students should read in the classroom. Two parents raised concerns about profanity and images of violence and sexuality in the book and requested that it be removed from the reading list. Challenged as part of the reading list for Advanced Placement English classes at Northwest High School in High Point, NC (1996). The book was challenged because it is “sexually graphic and violent.” Removed from Irvington High School in Fremont, CA (1998) after a few parents complained the book was unnecessarily violent and sexually explicit. Challenged in the Hamilton High School curriculum in Fort Wayne, IN (1998) because of the novel’s graphic language and sexual content. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Ken Kesey Challenged in the Greeley, CO public school district (1971) as a non-required American Culture reading. In 1974, five residents of Strongsville, OH, sued the board of education to remove the novel. Labeling it “pornographic,” they charged the novel “glorifies criminal activity, has a tendency to corrupt juveniles and contains descriptions of bestiality, bizarre violence, and torture, dismemberment, death, and human elimination.” Removed from public school libraries in Randolph, NY, and Alton, OK (1975). Removed from the required reading list in Westport, MA (1977). Banned from the St. Anthony, ID Freemont High School classrooms (1978) and the instructor fired – Fogarty v. Atchley. Challenged at the Merrimack, NH High School (1982). Challenged as part of the curriculum in an Aberdeen, WA High School honors English class (1986) because the book promotes “secular humanism.” The school board voted to retain the title. Challenged at the Placentia-Yorba Linda, CA Unified School District (2000) after complaints by parents stated that teachers “can choose the best books, but they keep choosing this garbage over and over again.” Slaughterhouse Five, Kurt Vonnegut Challenged in many communities, but burned in Drake, ND (1973). Banned in Rochester, MI because the novel “contains and makes references to religious matters” and thus fell within the ban of the establishment clause. An appellate court upheld its usage in the school in Todd v Rochester Community Schools, 41 Mich. App. 320, 200 N. W 2d 90 (1972). Banned in Levittown, NY (1975), North Jackson, OH (1979), and Lakeland, FL (1982) because of the “book’s explicit sexual scenes, violence, and obscene language.” Barred from purchase at the Washington Park High School in Racine, WI (1984) by the district administrative assistant for instructional services.  Challenged at the Owensboro, KY High School library (1985) because of “foul language, a section depicting a picture of an act of bestiality, a reference to ‘Magic Fingers’ attached to the protagonist’s bed to help him sleep, and the sentence: ‘The gun made a ripping sound like the opening of the fly of God Almighty.”‘ Restricted to students who have parental permission at the four Racine, WI Unified District high school libraries (1986) because of “language used in the book depictions of torture, ethnic slurs, and negative portrayals of women:’ Challenged at the LaRue County, KY High School library (1987) because “the book contains foul language and promotes deviant sexual behavior” Banned from the Fitzgerald, GA schools (1987) because it was filled with profanity and full of explicit sexual references:’ Challenged in the Baton Rouge, LA public high school libraries (1988) because the book is “vulgar and offensive:’ Challenged in the Monroe, MI public schools (1989) as required reading in a modem novel course for high school juniors and seniors because of the book’s language and the way women are portrayed. Retained on the Round Rock, TX Independent High School reading list (1996) after a challenge that the book was too violent. Challenged as an eleventh grade summer reading option in Prince William County, VA (1998) because the book “was rife with profanity and explicit sex:”  Removed as required reading for sophomores at the Coventry, RI High School (2000) after a parent complained that it contained vulgar language, violent imagery, and sexual content.  Retained on the Northwest Suburban High School District 214 reading list in Arlington Heights, IL (2006), along with eight other challenged titles.  A board member, elected amid promises to bring her Christian beliefs into all board decision-making, raised the controversy based on excerpts from  the books she’d found on the internet.  Challenged in the Howell, MI High School (2007) because of the book’s strong sexual content.  In response to a request from the president of the Livingston Organization for Values in Education, or LOVE, the county’s top law enforcement official reviewed the books to see whether laws against distribution of sexually explicit materials to minors had been broken. “After reading the books in question, it is clear that the explicit passages illustrated a larger literary, artistic or political message and were not included solely to appeal to the prurient interests of minors,” the county prosecutor wrote.  “Whether these materials are appropriate for minors is a decision to be made by the school board, but I find that they are not in violation of criminal laws. For Whom the Bell Tolls, Ernest Hemingway Declared non-mailable by the U.S. Post Office (1940). On Feb. 21, 1973, eleven Turkish book publishers went on trial before an Istanbul martial law tribunal on charges of publishing, possessing, and selling books in violation of an order of the Istanbul martial law command. They faced possible sentences of between one month’s and six months’ imprisonment “for spreading propaganda unfavorable to the state” and the confiscation of their books. Eight booksellers also were on trial with the publishers on the same charge involving For Whom the Bell Tolls. The Call of the Wild, Jack London Banned in Italy (1929), Yugoslavia (1929), and burned in Nazi bonfires (1933). Go Tell it on the Mountain, James Baldwin Challenged as required reading in the Hudson Falls, NY schools (1994) because the book has recurring themes of rape, masturbation, violence, and degrading treatment of women. Challenged as a ninth-grade summer reading option in Prince William County, VA (1988) because the book was “rife with profanity and explicit sex.” All the King’s Men, Robert Penn Warren Challenged at the Dallas, TX Independent School District high school libraries (1974). The Lord of the Rings, JRR Tolkien Burned in Alamagordo, NM (2001) outside Christ Community Church along with other Tolkien novels as satanic. The Jungle, Upton Sinclair Banned from public libraries in Yugoslavia (1929). Burned in the Nazi bonfires because of Sinclair’s socialist views (1933). Banned in East Germany (1956) as inimical to communism. Banned in South Korea (1985). Lady Chatterley’s Lover, DH Lawrence Banned by U.S. Customs (1929); Banned in Ireland (1932), Poland (1932), Australia (1959), Japan (1959), India (1959); Banned in Canada (1960) until 1962.  Dissemination of Lawrence’s novel has been stopped in China (1987) because the book “will corrupt the minds of young people and is also against the Chinese tradition.” A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess In 1973 a book seller in Orem, UT was arrested to selling the novel. Charges were later dropped, but the book seller was forced to close the store and relocate to another city. Removed from Aurora, CO high school (1976) due to “objectionable” language and from high school classrooms in Westport, MA (1977) because of “objectionable” language. Removed from two Anniston, AL High school libraries (1982), but later reinstated on a restricted basis. The Awakening, Kate Chopin Retained on the Northwester Suburban High School District 214 reading list in Arlington Heights, IL along with eight other challenged titles in 2006. A board member, elected amid promises to bring her Christian beliefs into all board decision-making, raised the controversy based on excerpts from the books she’d found on the Internet. First published in 1899, this novel so distrubed critics and the public that it was banished for decades afterward. In Cold Blood, Truman Capote Banned, but later reinstated after community protests at the Windsor Forest High School in Savannah, GA (2000). The controversy began in early 1999 when a parent complained about sex, violence, and profanity in the book that was part of an Advanced Placement English Class. Satanic Verses, Salman Rushdie Banned in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Quatar, Indonesia, South Africa, and India because of its criticism of Islam. Burned in West Yorkshire, England (1989) and temporarily withdrawn from two bookstores on the advice of police who took threats to staff and property seriously. In Pakistan five people died in riots against the book. Another man died a day later in Kashmir. Ayatollah Khomeni issued a fatwa or religious edict, stating, “I inform the proud Muslim people of the world that the author of the Satanic Verses, which is against Islam, the prophet, and the Koran, and all those involved in its publication who were aware of its content, have been sentenced to death.”  Challenged at the Wichita, KS Public Library (1989) because the book is “blasphemous to the prophet Mohammed.” In Venezuela, owning or reading it was declared a crime under penalty of 15 months’ imprisonment. In Japan, the sale of the English-language edition was banned under the threat of fines. The governments of Bulgaria and Poland also restricted its distribution. In 1991, in separate incidents, Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese translator, was stabbed to death and its Italian translator, Ettore Capriolo, was seriously wounded. In 1993 William Nygaard, its Norwegian publisher, was shot and seriously injured. Sophie’s Choice, William Styron Banned in South Africa in 1979. Returned to La Mirada High School library (CA) in 2002 after a complaint about its sexual content prompted the school to pull the award-winning novel about a tormented Holocaust survivor. Sons and Lovers, DH Lawrence In 1961 an Oklahoma City group called Mothers United for Decency hired a trailer, dubbed it “smutmobile,” and displayed books deemed objectionable, including Lawrence’s novel. Cat’s Cradle, Kurt Vonnegut The Strongsville, Ohio School Board (1972) voted to withdraw this title from the school library; this action was overturned in 1976 by a U.S. District Court in Minarcini v. Strongsville City School District, 541 F. 2d 577 (6th Cir. 1976).  Challenged at Merrimack, NH High School (1982). A Separate Peace, John Knowles Challenged in Vernon-Verona-Sherill, NY School District (1980) as a “filthy, trashy sex novel.” Challenged at the Fannett-Metal High School in Shippensburg, PA (1985) because of its allegedly offensive language. Challenged as appropriate for high school reading lists in the Shelby County, TN school system (1989) because the novel contained “offensive language.”  Challenged, but retained in the Champaign, IL high school English classes (1991) despite claims that “unsuitable language” made it inappropriate.  Challenged by the parent of a high school student in Troy, IL (1991) citing profanity and negative attitudes. Students were offered alternative assignments while the school board took the matter under advisement, but no further action was taken on the complaint. Challenged at the McDowell County, NC schools (1996) because of “graphic language.” Naked Lunch, William S. Burroughs Found obscene in Boston, MA Superior Court (1965). The finding was reversed by the State Supreme Court the following year. Brideshead Revsisted, Evelyn Waugh Alabama Representative Gerald Allen (R-Cottondale) proposed legislation that would prohibit the use of public funds for the “purchase of textbooks or library materials that recognize or promote homosexuality as an accetable lifestyle.” The bill also proposed that novels with gay protagonists and college textbooks that suggest homosexuality is natural would have to be removed from library shelves and destroyed.  The bill would impact all Alabama school, public, and unviersity libraries. While it would ban books like Heather Has Two Mommies, it could also include classic and popular novels with gay characters such as Brideshead Revisited, The Color Purple or The Picture of Dorian Gray (2005). Women in Love, DH Lawrence Seized by John Summers of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice and declared obscene (1922). The Naked and the Dead, Norman Mailer Banned in Canada (1949) and Australia (1949). Tropic of Cancer, Henry Miller Banned from U.S. Customs (1934). The U.S. Supreme Court found the novel not obscene (1964). Banned in Turkey (1986). An American Tragedy, Theodore Dreiser Banned in Boston, MA (1927) and burned by the Nazis in Germany (1933) because it “deals with low love affairs.” Rabbit, Run, John Updike Banned in Ireland in 1962 because the Irish Board of Censors found the work “obscene” and “indecent,” objecting particularly to the author’s handling of the characters’ sexuality, the “explicit sex acts” and “promiscuity.” The work was officially banned from sales in Ireland until the introduction of the revised Censorship Publications Bill in 1967. Restricted to high school students with parental permission in the six Aroostock County, ME community high school libraries (1976) because of passages in the book dealing with sex and an extramarital affair. Removed from the required reading list for English class at the Medicine Bow, WY Junior High School (1986) because of sexual references and profanity in the book. Permalink 1 Comment Banned Books Week Proclomation September 24, 2010 at 12:12 pm (Banned Books Week) Banned Books Week starts tomorrow…SO, what are you going to do about it? Are you for or against books and the freedom to choose? The ALA provided a proclomation suitable for libraries willing to take a stand against censorship: http://laughlovewrite.wordpress.com/page/3/ Banned Books Week Proclamation This proclamation lets you proclaim Banned Books Week at your local library. Feel free to use it as is, or modify it for your own celebration of the freedom to read. WHEREAS, the freedom to read is essential to our democracy, and reading is among our greatest freedoms; and WHEREAS, privacy is essential to the exercise of that freedom, and the right to privacy is the right to open inquiry without having the subject of one’s interest examined or scrutinized by others; and WHEREAS, the freedom to read is protected by our Constitution; and WHEREAS some individuals, groups, and public authorities work to remove or limit access to reading materials, to censor content in schools, to label “controversial” views, to distribute lists of “objectionable” books or authors, and to purge libraries of materials reflecting the diversity of society; and WHEREAS, both governmental intimidation and the fear of censorship cause authors who seek to avoid controversy to practice self-censorship, thus limiting our access to new ideas; and WHEREAS, every silencing of a heresy, every enforcement of an orthodoxy, diminishes the toughness and resilience of American society and leaves it less able to deal with controversy and difference; and WHEREAS, Americans still favor free enterprise in ideas and expression, and can be trusted to exercise critical judgment, to recognize propaganda and misinformation, and to make their own decisions about what they read and believe, and to exercise the responsibilities that accompany this freedom; and WHEREAS, intellectual freedom is essential to the preservation of a free society and a creative culture; and WHEREAS, conformity limits the range and variety of inquiry and expression on which our democracy and our culture depend; and WHEREAS, the American Library Association’s Banned Books Week: Celebrating the Freedom to Read is observed during the last week of September each year as a reminder to Americans not to take their precious freedom for granted; and WHEREAS, Banned Books Week celebrates the freedom to choose or the freedom to express one’s opinion even if that opinion might be considered unorthodox or unpopular and stresses the importance of ensuring the availability of those unorthodox or unpopular viewpoints to all who wish to read them; now, therefore, be it RESOLVED, that the _______________________ Library celebrates the American Library Association’s Banned Books Week, (Insert Dates Here), and be it further RESOLVED, that the _______________________ Library encourages all libraries and bookstores to acquire and make available materials representative of all the people in our society; and be it further RESOLVED, that the _______________________ Library encourages free people to read freely, now and forever. ——————————————————————————– Adopted by the _______________________ Library Date City, State Permalink Leave a Comment http://laughlovewrite.wordpress.com/page/3/ Sourcebooks Virtual Book Tour for October September 22, 2010 at 12:55 pm (Interesting stuff) I am pleased to announce the calendar for October’s Virtual Book Tour of Sourcebooks Authors. Keep the dates and find out when your favorite author will be interviewed, or appearing as a guest on blogs around the world-wide-web. Every time you see Romance Fiction on Suite101…that would be me! On those days I will be interviewing the authors and getting up close and personal, so mark your calendars. Olivia Cunning Virtual Tour Schedule 10/1 – Seductive Musings           – Book Hounds 10/4 – Babbling About Books and More  10/6 – Night Owl Romance Reviews 10/7 – Fiction Vixen 10/8 – Romance Reader at Heart’s Novel Thoughts Blog 10/12 – Romance Fiction on Suite 101 10/13 – Fresh Fiction   10/18 – Romance Junkies  10/20 – A Buckeye Girl Reads  10/24-10/30 Featured Author on Seriously Reviewed  Shana Galen Virtual Tour 10/4 -  Debbie’s Book Blog 10/6 -  My Book Addiction and More  10/7 -  The Book Faery    10/12 – Seductive Musings 10/13 – Night Owl Romance Reviews 10/15 – Romance Fiction on Suite 101   10/18 – Romance Reader at Heart’s Novel Thoughts Blog 10/20 – Fresh Fiction 10/25 – Dear Author  10/26 -  History Undressed 10/27 – Romance Junkies  Mary Wine Virtual Tour    10/1 – Romance Fiction on Suite 101 10/5 – Seductive Musings 10/6 – Debbie’s Book Blog  10/8 – Night Owl Romance Reviews 10/11 – The Book Faery  10/13 – Romance Reader at Heart’s Novel Thoughts Blog 10/15 – Fresh Fiction  10/18 – Thoughts in Progress 10/20 -  History Undressed 10/21 – Romance Junkies  10/25 – Book Girl of Mur-Y-Castell 10/27 – Anna’s Book Blog 10/28 -  My Book Addiction and More  Sharon Lathan Virtual Tour    10/1 – One Literature Nut  10/4 – Linda Banche Romance Author 10/6 – Seductive Musings 10/7 – Romance Fiction on Suite 101            – Micole Writes Romance  10/11 – My Book Addiction and More 10/13 – Historical Belles and Beau 10/15 – Psychotic State 10/20 – Romance Reader at Heart’s Novel Thoughts Blog 10/22 – Fresh Fiction 10/24 – Risky Regencies 10/27 – Historical Hussies 10/28 – Rundpinne Abigail Reynolds Virtual Tour 10/1 – Historical Hussies 10/4 – Laura’s Reviews 10/7 – Historical Belles and Beau 10/11 – Psychotic State 10/12 -  Rom Con Inc 10/13 – Book Girl of Mur-Y-Castell  10/14 – Rundpinne 10/17 – Risky Regencies 10/18 – Linda Banche 10/22 – Romance Reader at Heart’s Novel Thoughts Blog 10/25 – Romance Fiction on Suite 101 10/27 – Fresh Fiction cuts both ways    razor = nigger pencil  http://www.google.com/search?btnG=Search&hl=en&tbm=isch&ct=mode&cd=2&q=razor%20=%20nigger%20pincle

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Last Update 2011-04-10 | Copyright© Charles Mingus 2008 | |