Photographer Don Snyder 1934- 2010   http://www.berkshirefinearts.com/?page=article&article_id=1905&catID=5

I know you love this stuff...it made the news again! http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-04/rome-crucified-6-000-spartacus-led-slave-rebels-lewis-lapham.html The cover jacket of "On the Spartacus Road: A Spectacular Journey Through Ancient Italy" by Peter Stothard. Source: Harper Collins via Bloomberg Audio Download: Rome Crucified 6,000 Spartacus-Led Slave Rebels: Lapham Lewis Lapham of "Lapham's Quarterly" in New York. Lapham interviews authors for Bloomberg News. Photographer: Paul Goguen/Bloomberg Peter Stothard, author of "On the Spartacus Road: A Spectacular Journey Through Ancient Italy." Source: Harper Collins via Bloomberg In 73 B.C. Spartacus and other slaves forced to train as gladiators at the Batiatus school got their hands on some kitchen knives and skewers, overpowered the guards and fled. (To listen to the podcast, click here.) About 70 made it outside, where they found wagons full of weapons, quickly defeated the Capuan Home Guard and retreated into the countryside. At first, the authorities were not overly worried, sending militia to exterminate the rebels camped on Mount Vesuvius. Under siege, Spartacus and his troops, now swelled by other runaways, made ropes from vines, clambered down  the other side of the volcano, and attacked the Romans from the rear, killing most of them. Then they descended on two nearby towns to pillage, burn and rape. Romans, who lived in close quarters with their slaves, quivered as this rebel army gathered momentum. It took two years to eliminate the threat, and to make a point, the Romans crucified 6,000 captured slaves along the  Appian Way from Rome to Capua. I spoke with Peter Stothard, author of “Spartacus Road: A Journey Through Ancient Italy,” on the following topics: 1. Fight to the Death 2. Display of Combat Tactics 3. Bloody Spectacle 4. Political Tool 5. Emperor’s Show To buy this book in North America, click here. Lewis Lapham is the founder of Lapham’s Quarterly and the former editor of Harper’s magazine. He hosts “The World  in Time” interview series for Bloomberg News.) To contact the writer on the story: Lewis Lapham in New York at lhl@laphamsquarterly.org. To contact the editor responsible for this story: Manuela Hoelterhoff at mhoelterhoff@bloomberg.net.

My god is not a landlord or a pimp.

The Conquistadors justified their behaviour by maintaining that the Indians were mere "savages" and that it was necessary to populate America with more "civilized" Christians. This despite the fact that when Cortès arrived in Mexico, at the capital of the Aztecs, he discovered a formidable city of over a million inhabitants, larger than any great European capital. As well, the city possessed a network of well laid-out streets and a sewer system that was far more developed than anything in Europe. In Spain, at that time, chamber pots were emptied out of windows. In summer, some streets of Madrid stank so strongly that it was often difficult to breathe. Despite all this, the Conquistadors destroyed the Aztec civilization and looted its treasures.

Pope Nicholas V               http://www.romancatholicism.org/popes-slavery.htm Popes For Slavery Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas on 18 June, 1452. It authorised Alfonso V of Portugal to reduce any “Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and any other unbelievers” to perpetual slavery. This facilitated the Portuguese slave trade from West Africa . The same pope wrote the bull Romanus Pontifex on January 5, 1455 to the same Alfonso. As a follow-up to the Dum diversas, it extended to the Catholic nations of Europe dominion over discovered lands during the Age of Discovery. Along with sanctifying the seizure of non-Christian lands, it encouraged the enslavement of native, non-Christian peoples in Africa and the New World . “We weighing all and singular the premises with due meditation, and noting that since we had formerly by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid King Alfonso --  to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ wheresoever placed, and the kingdoms, dukedoms, principalities, dominions, possessions, and all movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors the kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, principalities, dominions, possessions, and goods, and to convert them to his and their use and profit -- by having secured the said faculty, the said King Alfonso, or, by his authority, the aforesaid infante, justly and lawfully has acquired and possessed, and doth possess, these islands, lands, harbors, and seas, and they do of right belong and pertain to the said King Alfonso and his successors”. In 1493 Alexander VI issued the bull Inter Caetera stating one Christian nation did not have the right to establish dominion over lands previously dominated by another Christian nation, thus establishing the Law of Nations. Together, the Dum Diversas, the Romanus Pontifex and the Inter Caetera came to serve as the basis and justification for the Doctrine of Discovery, the global slave-trade of the 15th and 16th centuries, and the Age of Imperialism. Romanus Pontifex Nicholas, bishop, servant of the servants of God, for a perpetual remembrance. The Roman pontiff, successor of the key-bearer of the heavenly kingdom and vicar of Jesus Christ, contemplating with a father’s mind all the several climes of the world and the characteristics of all the nations dwelling in them and seeking and desiring the salvation of all, wholesomely ordains and disposes upon careful deliberation those things which he sees will be agreeable to the Divine Majesty and by which he may bring the sheep entrusted to him by God into the single divine fold, and may acquire for them the reward of eternal felicity, and obtain pardon for their souls. This we believe will more certainly come to pass, through the aid of the Lord, if we bestow suitable favors and special graces on those Catholic kings and princes, who, like athletes and intrepid champions of the Christian faith, as we know by the evidence of facts, not only restrain the savage excesses of the Saracens and of other infidels, enemies of the Christian name, but also for the defense and increase of the faith vanquish them and their kingdoms and habitations, though situated in the remotest parts unknown to us, and subject them to their own temporal dominion, sparing no labor and expense, in order that those kings and princes, relieved of all obstacles, may be the more animated to the prosecution of so salutary and laudable a work. We have lately heard, not without great joy and gratification, how our beloved son, the noble personage Henry, infante of Portugal, uncle of our most dear son in Christ, the illustrious Alfonso, king of the kingdoms of Portugal and Algarve, treading in the footsteps of John, of famous memory, king of the said kingdoms, his father, and greatly inflamed with zeal for the salvation of souls and with fervor of faith, as a Catholic and true soldier of Christ, the Creator of all things, and a most active and courageous defender and intrepid champion of the faith in Him, has aspired from his early youth with his utmost might to cause the most glorious name of the said Creator to be published, extolled, and revered throughout the whole world, even in the most remote and undiscovered places, and also to bring into the bosom of his faith the perfidious enemies of him and of the life-giving Cross by which we have been redeemed, namely the Saracens and all other infidels whatsoever, [and how] after the city of Ceuta, situated in Africa, had been subdued by the said King John to his dominion, and after many wars had been waged, sometimes in person, by the said infante, although in the name of the said King John, against the enemies and infidels aforesaid, not without the greatest labors and expense, and with dangers and loss of life and property, and the slaughter of very many of their natural subjects, the said infante being neither enfeebled nor terrified by so many and great labors, dangers, and losses, but growing daily more and more zealous in prosecuting this his so laudable and pious purpose, has peopled with orthodox Christians certain solitary islands in the ocean sea, and has caused churches and other pious places to be there founded and built, in which divine service is celebrated. Also by the laudable endeavor and industry of the said infante, very many inhabitants or dwellers in divers islands situated in the said sea, coming to the knowledge of the true God, have received holy baptism, to the praise and glory of God, the salvation of the souls of many, the propagation also of the orthodox faith, and the increase of divine worship. Moreover, since, some time ago, it had come to the knowledge of the said infante that never, or at least not within the memory of men, had it been customary to sail on this ocean sea toward the southern and eastern shores, and that it was so unknown to us westerners that we had no certain knowledge of the peoples of those parts, believing that he would best perform his duty to God in this matter, if by his effort and industry that sea might become navigable as far as to the Indians who are said to worship the name of Christ, and that thus he might be able to enter into relation with them, and to incite them to aid the Christians against the Saracens and other such enemies of the faith, and might also be able forthwith to subdue certain gentile or pagan peoples, living between, who are entirely free from infection by the sect of the most impious Mahomet, and to preach and cause to be preached to them the unknown but most sacred name of Christ, strengthened, however, always by the royal authority, he has not ceased for twenty-five years past to send almost yearly an army of the peoples of the said kingdoms with the greatest labor, danger, and expense, in very swift ships called caravels, to explore the sea and coast lands toward the south and the Antarctic pole. And so it came to pass that when a number of ships of this kind had explored and taken possession of very many harbors, islands, and seas, they at length came to the province of Guinea, and having taken possession of some islands and harbors and the sea adjacent to that province, sailing farther they came to the mouth of a certain great river commonly supposed to be the Nile, and war was waged for some years against the peoples of those parts in the name of the said King Alfonso and of the infante, and in it very many islands in that neighborhood were subdued and peacefully possessed, as they are still possessed together with the adjacent sea. Thence also many Guineamen and other negroes, taken by force, and some by barter of unprohibited articles, or by other lawful contract of purchase, have been sent to the said kingdoms. A large number of these have been converted to the Catholic faith, and it is hoped, by the help of divine mercy, that if such progress be continued with them, either those peoples will be converted to the faith or at least the souls of many of them will be gained for Christ. But since, as we are informed, although the king and infante aforesaid (who with so many and so great dangers, labors, and expenses, and also with loss of so many natives of their said kingdoms, very many of whom have perished in those expeditions, depending only upon the aid of those natives, have caused those provinces to be explored and have acquired and possessed such harbors, islands, and seas, as aforesaid, as the true lords of them), fearing lest strangers induced by covetousness should sail to those parts, and desiring to usurp to themselves the perfection, fruit, and praise of this work, or at least to hinder it, should therefore, either for the sake of gain or through malice, carry or transmit iron, arms, wood used for construction, and other things and goods prohibited to be carried to infidels or should teach those infidels the art of navigation, whereby they would become more powerful and obstinate enemies to the king and infante, and the prosecution of this enterprise would either be hindered, or would perhaps entirely fail, not without great offense to God and great reproach to all Christianity, to prevent this and to conserve their right and possession, [the said king and infante] under certain most severe penalties then expressed, have prohibited and in general have ordained that none, unless with their sailors and ships and on payment of a certain tribute and with an express license previously obtained from the said king or infante, should presume to sail to the said provinces or to trade in their ports or to fish in the sea, [although the king and infante have taken this action, yet in time it might happen that persons of other kingdoms or nations, led by envy, malice, or covetousness, might presume, contrary to the prohibition aforesaid, without license and payment of such tribute, to go to the said provinces, and in the provinces, harbors, islands, and sea, so acquired, to sail, trade, and fish; and thereupon between King Alfonso and the infante, who would by no means suffer themselves to be so trifled with in these things, and the presumptuous persons aforesaid, very many hatreds, rancors, dissensions, wars, and scandals, to the highest offense of God and danger of souls, probably might and would ensue -- We [therefore] weighing all and singular the premises with due meditation, and noting that since we had formerly by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid King Alfonso -- to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ wheresoever placed, and the kingdoms, dukedoms, principalities, dominions, possessions, and all movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors the kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, principalities, dominions, possessions, and goods, and to convert them to his and their use and profit -- by having secured the said faculty, the said King Alfonso, or, by his authority, the aforesaid infante, justly and lawfully has acquired and possessed, and doth possess, these islands, lands, harbors, and seas, and they do of right belong and pertain to the said King Alfonso and his successors, nor without special license from King Alfonso and his successors themselves has any other even of the faithful of Christ been entitled hitherto, nor is he by any means now entitled lawfully to meddle therewith -- in order that King Alfonso himself and his successors and the infante may be able the more zealously to pursue and may pursue this most pious and noble work, and most worthy of perpetual remembrance (which, since the salvation of souls, increase of the faith, and overthrow of its enemies may be procured thereby, we regard as a work wherein the glory of God, and faith in Him, and His commonwealth, the Universal Church, are concerned) in proportion as they, having been relieved of all the greater obstacles, shall find themselves supported by us and by the Apostolic See with favors and graces -- we, being very fully informed of all and singular the premises, do, motu proprio, not at the instance of King Alfonso or the infante, or on the petition of any other offered to us on their behalf in respect to this matter, and after mature deliberation, by apostolic authority, and from certain knowledge, in the fullness of apostolic power, by the tenor of these presents decree and declare that the aforesaid letters of faculty (the tenor whereof we wish to be considered as inserted word for word in these presents, with all and singular the clauses therein contained) are extended to Ceuta and to the aforesaid and all other acquisitions whatsoever, even those acquired before the date of the said letters of faculty, and to all those provinces, islands, harbors, and seas whatsoever, which hereafter, in the name of the said King Alfonso and of his successors and of the infante, in those parts and the adjoining, and in the more distant and remote parts, can be acquired from the hands of infidels or pagans, and that they are comprehended under the said letters of faculty. And by force of those and of the present letters of faculty the acquisitions already made, and what hereafter shall happen to be acquired, after they shall have been acquired, we do by the tenor of these presents decree and declare have pertained, and forever of right do belong and pertain, to the aforesaid king and to his successors and to the infante, and that the right of conquest which in the course of these letters we declare to be extended from the capes of Bojador and of Não, as far as through all Guinea, and beyond toward that southern shore, has belonged and pertained, and forever of right belongs and pertains, to the said King Alfonso, his successors, and the infante, and not to any others. We also by the tenor of these presents decree and declare that King Alfonso and his successors and the infante aforesaid might and may, now and henceforth, freely and lawfully, in these [acquisitions] and concerning them make any prohibitions, statutes, and decrees whatsoever, even penal ones, and with imposition of any tribute, and dispose and ordain concerning them as concerning their own property and their other dominions. And in order to confer a more effectual right and assurance we do by these presents forever give, grant, and appropriate to the aforesaid King Alfonso and his successors, kings of the said kingdoms, and to the infante, the provinces, islands, harbors, places, and seas whatsoever, how many soever, and of what sort soever they shall be, that have already been acquired and that shall hereafter come to be acquired, and the right of conquest also from the capes of Bojador and of Não aforesaid. Moreover, since this is fitting in many ways for the perfecting of a work of this kind, we allow that the aforesaid King Alfonso and [his] successors and the infante, as also the persons to whom they, or any one of them, shall think that this work ought to be committed, may (according to the grant made to the said King John by Martin V., of happy memory, and another grant made also to King Edward of illustrious memory, king of the same kingdoms, father of the said King Alfonso, by Eugenius IV., of pious memory, Roman pontiffs, our predecessors) make purchases and sales of any things and goods and victuals whatsoever, as it shall seem fit, with any Saracens and infidels, in the said regions; and also may enter into any contracts, transact business, bargain, buy and negotiate, and carry any commodities whatsoever to the places of those Saracens and infidels, provided they be not iron instruments, wood to be used for construction, cordage, ships, or any kinds of armor, and may sell them to the said Saracens and infidels; and also may do, perform, or prosecute all other and singular things [mentioned] in the premises, and things suitable or necessary in relation to these; and that the same King Alfonso, his successors, and the infante, in the provinces, islands, and places already acquired, and to be acquired by him, may found and [cause to be] founded and built any churches, monasteries, or other pious places whatsoever; and also may send over to them any ecclesiastical persons whatsoever, as volunteers, both seculars, and regulars of any of the mendicant orders (with license, however, from their superiors), and that those persons may abide there as long as they shall live, and hear confessions of all who live in the said parts or who come thither, and after the confessions have been heard they may give due absolution in all cases, except those reserved to the aforesaid see, and enjoin salutary penance, and also administer the ecclesiastical sacraments freely and lawfully, and this we allow and grant to Alfonso himself, and his successors, the kings of Portugal, who shall come afterwards, and to the aforesaid infante. Moreover, we entreat in the Lord, and by the sprinkling of the blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, whom, as has been said, it concerneth, we exhort, and as they hope for the remission of their sins enjoin, and also by this perpetual edict of prohibition we more strictly inhibit, all and singular the faithful of Christ, ecclesiastics, seculars, and regulars of whatsoever orders, in whatsoever part of the world they live, and of whatsoever state, degree, order, condition, or pre-eminence they shall be, although endued with archiepiscopal, episcopal, imperial, royal, queenly, ducal, or any other greater ecclesiastical or worldly dignity, that they do not by any means presume to carry arms, iron, wood for construction, and other things prohibited by law from being in any way carried to the Saracens, to any of the provinces, islands, harbors, seas, and places whatsoever, acquired or possessed in the name of King Alfonso, or situated in this conquest or elsewhere, to the Saracens, infidels, or pagans; or even without special license from the said King Alfonso and his successors and the infante, to carry or cause to be carried merchandise and other things permitted by law, or to navigate or cause to be navigated those seas, or to fish in them, or to meddle with the provinces, islands, harbors, seas, and places, or any of them, or with this conquest, or to do anything by themselves or another or others, directly or indirectly, by deed or counsel, or to offer any obstruction whereby the aforesaid King Alfonso and his successors and the infante may be hindered from quietly enjoying their acquisitions and possessions, and prosecuting and carrying out this conquest. And we decree that whosoever shall infringe these orders [shall incur the following penalties], besides the punishments pronounced by law against those who carry arms and other prohibited things to any of the Saracens, which we wish them to incur by so doing; if they be single persons, they shall incur the sentence of excommunication; if a community or corporation of a city, castle, village, or place, that city, castle, village, or place shall be thereby subject to the interdict; and we decree further that transgressors, collectively or individually, shall not be absolved from the sentence of excommunication, nor be able to obtain the relaxation of this interdict, by apostolic or any other authority, unless they shall first have made due satisfaction for their transgressions to Alfonso himself and his successors and to the infante, or shall have amicably agreed with them thereupon. By [these] apostolic writings we enjoin our venerable brothers, the archbishop of Lisbon, and the bishops of Silves and Ceuta, that they, or two or one of them, by himself, or another or others, as often as they or any of them shall be required on the part of the aforesaid King Alfonso and his successors and the infante or any one of them, on Sundays, and other festival days, in the churches, while a large multitude of people shall assemble there for divine worship, do declare and denounce by apostolic authority that those persons who have been proved to have incurred such sentences of excommunication and interdict, are excommunicated and interdicted, and have been and are involved in the other punishments aforesaid. And we decree that they shall also cause them to be denounced by others, and to be strictly avoided by all, till they shall have made satisfaction for or compromised their transgressions as aforesaid. Offenders are to be held in check by ecclesiastical censure, without regard to appeal, the apostolic constitutions and ordinances and all other things whatsoever to the contrary notwithstanding. But in order that the present letters, which have been issued by us of our certain knowledge and after mature deliberation thereupon, as is aforesaid, may not hereafter be impugned by anyone as fraudulent, secret, or void, we will, and by the authority, knowledge, and power aforementioned, we do likewise by these letters, decree and declare that the said letters and what is contained therein cannot in any wise be impugned, or the effect thereof hindered or obstructed, on account of any defect of fraudulency, secrecy, or nullity, not even from a defect of the ordinary or of any other authority, or from any other defect, but that they shall be valid forever and shall obtain full authority. And if anyone, by whatever authority, shall, wittingly or unwittingly, attempt anything inconsistent with these orders we decree that his act shall be null and void. Moreover, because it would be difficult to carry our present letters to all places whatsoever, we will, and by the said authority we decree by these letters, that faith shall be given as fully and permanently to copies of them, certified under the hand of a notary public and the seal of the episcopal or any superior ecclesiastical court, as if the said original letters were exhibited or shown; and we decree that within two months from the day when these present letters, or the paper or parchment containing the tenor of the same, shall be affixed to the doors of the church at Lisbon, the sentences of excommunication and the other sentences contained therein shall bind all and singular offenders as fully as if these present letters had been made known and presented to them in person and lawfully. Therefore let no one infringe or with rash boldness contravene this our declaration, constitution, gift, grant, appropriation, decree, supplication, exhortation, injunction, inhibition, mandate, and will. But if anyone should presume to do so, be it known to him that he will incur the wrath of Almighty God and of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul. Given at Rome , at Saint Peter’s, on the eighth day of January, in the year of the incarnation of our Lord one thousand four hundred and fifty-four, and in the eighth year of our pontificate. Bibliographic reference This English translation of Romanus Pontifex is a reproduction of its publication in European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, Frances Gardiner Davenport, editor, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917, Washington, D.C. , at pp. 20-26. The original text in Latin is in the same volume, at pp. 13-20.

Popes For Slavery               http://www.romancatholicism.org/popes-slavery.htm

I am experimenting with saving bandwidth and removed the http://ww  biz end off most of the links below just cut and paste them if the link is not highlighted in blue  the whole ramshackle is a random accompaniment to the music I will never compose.    above icons .Popes For Slavery               http://www.romancatholicism.org/popes-slavery.htm Warning!!! The Content You are about to see may be offensive to some people. You must be able to take it to view it. Children under the age of 18 are required to have parents guidance when viewing the following blog post. If you are offended by and or if you cannot legally view this type of material where you reside, PLEASE EXIT NOW! Attention: All of the material on this web page, templet & text is for the purpose of demonstration. They are design and first draft test pages.

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VERY INTERESTING   VERY INTERESTING 1. The Garden of Eden was in Iraq. 2. Mesopotamia, which is now Iraq , was the cradle of civilization! 3. Noah built the ark in Iraq. 4. The Tower of Babel was in Iraq. 5. Abraham was from Ur, which is in Southern Iraq! 6. Isaac's wife Rebek ah is from Nahor, which is in Iraq! 7. Jacob met Rachel in Iraq. 8. Jonah preached in Nineveh -which is in Iraq. 9. Assyria, which is in Iraq, conquered the ten tribes of Israel. 10. Amos cried out in Iraq! 11. Babylon, which is in Iraq, destroyed Jerusalem . 12. Daniel was in the lion's den in Iraq! 13. The three Hebrew children were in the fire in Iraq (Jesus had been in Iraq also as the fourth person in the Fiery Furnace!) 14. Belshazzar, the King of Babylon saw the "writing on the wall" in Iraq. 15. Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, carried the Jews captive into Iraq. 16. Ezekiel preached in Iraq. 17. The wise men were from Iraq . 18. Peter preached in Iraq . 19. The "Empire of Man" described in Revelation is called Babylon, which was a city in Iraq! And you have probably seen this one: Israel is the nation most often mentioned in the Bible. But do you know which nation is second? It is Iraq! However, that is not the name that is used in the Bible. The names used in the Bible are Babylon, Land of Shinar, and Mesopotamia. The word Mesopotamia means between the two rivers, more exactly between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The name Iraq, means country with deep roots.Indeed Iraq is a country with deep roots and is a very significant country in the Bible. No other nation, except Israel, has more history and prophecy associated with it than Iraq. And also, this is something to think about: Since America is typically represented by an eagle. Saddam should have read up on his Muslim passages... The following verse is from the Koran, (the Islamic Bible) Koran ( 9:11 ) - For it is written that a son of Arabia would awaken a fearsome Eagle. The wrath of the Eagle would be felt throughout the lands of Allah and lo, while some of the people trembled in despair still more rejoiced; for the wrath of the Eagle cleansed the lands of Allah;and there was peace.(Note the verse number!) Hmmmmmmm?! ======================================================================== Popes For Slavery - Romanus Pontifex by Popes For Slavery - Romanus Pontifex by Pope Nicholas V Along with sanctifying the seizure of non-Christian lands, it encouraged the enslavement of native, non-Christian peoples in Africa and the New World . ... www.romancatholicism.org/popes-slavery.htm - ============================================ [No more crap on the Arab threat we are invading them not the other way around we are the genocidal murders killing millions of Indians and calling them savages as we lie our way to hell of our own producing.No more stories about Africa unless its about Bukassa returning all of the money he stole and all of the Swiss banks accounts of dictators are frozen by an all African tribunal with the nestle company taking the lead with reparations for 400 years of slavery in Africa....That sort of African stuff would be of interest to me among others ...great for kindergarten ... in my retirement now that would be worth the time and trouble ..] ============================================== http://web.archive.org/web/20070202104754rn_1/www.benfrank.net/blog/ http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.benfrank.net/ ============================================== http://thedefeatists.typepad.com/apoplectic/ Listen up, you Protestant sonsabitches!!! And you Eastern Orthodox pricks too. As for you Jews, Pagans and Muslims, we've already got your number! Buddhists, Hindus, Animists, Mormons, New Agers, Atheists and Anti-theists ( Moi!), Benny the Rat has spoken. You're all going to burn in hell, forever! Jesus established only one holy, Catholic, Apostolic Church and you ain't it. Insidious Jews, hateful Muslims, and so on. Now, us Apostate mofos are really doomed...we get the section of hell where they have a continuous loop of "Mandy", "Feelings", "Tears in Heaven," "Havin' My Baby" running... Benny the Rat. Our new leader in the War on People of Faith! Ok, AXE, how do you really feel? Well, the sanctification of Pope John XXIII and the outreach of Paul VI and John Paul are  all irrelevant. Benny the Rat is Catholicism's Justice Alioto, the swing vote sending us all back to the Dark Ages when he's the only vote that counts. Savings funds for pagan babies, the re-Burka-fication of Nuns, and teaching Catholic Children how  to baptize Protestants and others when they are unconscious to save them from hell -- kind of a Catholic take on Mormon computer-conversion, only older and somewhat more invasive -- are back. Good times... You know, the Nazi in this guy is starting to really show. (Actually, the Athanasian-Constantinian-Inquisitor-Religio-Facist is showing, but why expect our readers, most of whom are interested in Michelle Malkin's phone number lately to have any knowledge of the history of Christianity?) (Guys, a. she's changed it, and b. she's happily married, to a right wing hobbit. Who's a Catholic and has a picture of Benny tatooed on his ass...) He got rid of limbo, which was sort of a do-over for God. Now we know, straight to hell! Burn, you fuckers... As for us devotees of Tiffany, not to worry. After this life, the soft rock loop will just seem like more of the same... Posted by Crusader AXE of the Lost Causes at 12:34 PM http://thedefeatists.typepad.com/apoplectic/ ================================================ http://web.archive.org/web/20070217231954/benfrank.net/blog/2007/01/16/ washington_post_exposes_government_mind_control/ Save the USA What kind of Christian Cuts Services for the Poor then gives $8 billion in bonuses to the military-industrial complex January 16, 2007 Washington Post Exposes Government Mind Control Filed under: headline news — Lula @ 7:05 pm Incredible as it may seem, The Washington Post has written a five page article exposing new information on Government mind control possibilities and targeted electromagnetic radiation. The article entitled “Mind Games” begins by painting the alleged victims as nut cases…. The members of this confessional “club” are not your usual victims. This isn’t a group for alcoholics, drug addicts or survivors of childhood abuse; the people connecting on the call are self-described victims of mind control — people who believe they have been targeted by a secret government program that tracks them around the clock, using technology to probe and control their minds. The callers frequently refer to themselves as TIs, which is short for Targeted Individuals, and talk about V2K — the official military abbreviation stands for “voice to skull” and denotes weapons that beam voices or sounds into the head… and then portrays the one Congressman who has the courage to stand up and protect us from these abuses as a loon… The biggest hurdle for TIs is getting people to take their concerns seriously. A proposal made in 2001 by Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) to ban “psychotronic weapons” (another common term for mind-control technology) was hailed by TIs as a great step forward. But the bill was widely derided by bloggers and columnists and quickly dropped…. …but then the Washington Post surprisingly ventures into the truth that the government not only has the capabilities, but given this government they would likely use these technologies against us… In response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed for this article, the Air Force released unclassified documents surrounding that 2002 patent — records that note that the patent was based on human experimentation in October 1994 at the Air Force lab, where scientists were able to transmit phrases into the heads of human subjects, albeit with marginal intelligibility. Research appeared to continue at least through 2002. Where this work has gone since is unclear… Meanwhile, the military’s use of weapons that employ electromagnetic radiation to create pain is well-known, as are some of the limitations of such weapons. In 2001, the Pentagon declassified one element of this research: the Active Denial System, a weapon that uses electromagnetic radiation to heat skin and create an intense burning sensation…. …given the history of America’s clandestine research, it’s reasonable to assume that if the defense establishment could develop mind-control or long-distance ray weapons, it almost certainly would. And, once developed, the possibility that they might be tested on innocent civilians could not be categorically dismissed. http://web.archive.org/web/20070217231954/benfrank.net/blog/2007/01/16/ washington_post_exposes_government_mind_control/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/index2.php?artikel=441&searchquery=cast%20the%20first&PHPSESSID=6e70bc0eb52cc95304a99d81601401ba Bob Dylan - When The Deal Goes Down (Scarlett Johansson) Save the http://us.oneworld.net/article/369587-madagascar-villager-put-10k-prize-saving-forest Bob Dylan - When The Deal Goes Down (Scarlett Johansson http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Bob+Dylan+-+When+The+Deal+Goes+Down+%28Scarlett+Johansson Scarlett Johansson - When The Deal Goes Down http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0jSiXTk8WM&playnext=1&list=PLB96D22222E63FFD6&index=9 Scarlett Johansson debut album    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQGnBzt21o4&NR=1&feature=fvwp          http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQ3X49jbtVE [10/18/2010 12:40:06 AM] empathics civilasation .org http://queergnosis.com/2010/06/01/empathic-civilization-the-jeremy-rifkin-interview/ http://vodpod.com/watch/3625992-rsa-animate-the-empathic-civilisation Duha!!!! http://www.rdmag.com/News/2010/10/Energy-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Generating-Technology-Might-Power-Boats-From-Wind-Solar-Sources/ http://web.archive.org/web/20070217231645/http://benfrank.net/blog/2005/12/27/8_billion_in_bonuses/e USA What kind of Christian Cuts Services for the Poor         then gives $8 billion in bonuses to the military-industrial complex December 27, 2005 $8 Billion in Bonuses awarded to Defense Contractors, “Regardless of Performance” Filed under: Iraq, US Govt, headline news, Republicans — ben @ 7:01 am In light of the increasing poverty in America, homeless veterans, Vets that just returned from Iraq and can’t get health care because the  “Support our Troops” Republicans keep cutting their health care… these hypocrites are sick. BellaCiao The Defense Department paid contractors $8 billion over five years in bonuses on weapons programs that were often dogged by  severe cost overruns, performance problems and delays, the Government Accountability Office said. The agency, an independent auditor for Congress, reviewed 93 of 597 military contracts in force between 1999 and 2004 that included the possibility of a bonus. Contractors on average were awarded about 90 percent of the bonus money available, the agency said in the draft of a report it sent to the Pentagon and plans to release next week. For example, Lockheed Martin and Boeing, the two largest defense contractors, received $1.7 billion, or about 91 percent of $1.847 billion available on four major programs, including the Joint Strike Fighter, even as these programs “experienced significant cost increases, technical problems and development delays,” the draft said. And this $8 Billion in bonuses is only for 93 out of 597 contracts- at that rate there could be another $40 Billion in bonuses the Pentagon auditor  hasn’t reviewed yet. We only know about this because two Senators asked the agency to review the bonus system after senior defense officials complained that the awards are paid regardless of performance. There are homeless veterans in America, yet our gov’t is giving Billions of dollars in bonuses to the military-industrial complex, “regardless of performance”. Just like the tax cuts- billions to the rich while most of America suffers. Are these the actions of noble leaders, or con-men?  http://web.archive.org/web/20070217231954/benfrank.net/blog/2007/01/16/washington_post_exposes_government_mind_control/ Popes For Slavery               http://www.romancatholicism.org/popes-slavery.htm Invisible Empire Official Trailer        http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3Fo1zEjCRw                i n v i s i b l e e m p i r e          http://www.google.com/#hl=en&expIds=17259,17315,23628,23670,25041,26761,26849,27520,28093&sugexp= ldymls&xhr=t&q=i+n+v+i+s+i+b+l+e+e+m+p+i+r+e&cp=29&pf=p&sclient=psy&site=&source=hp&aq=f&aqi=&aql =&oq=i+n+v+i+s+i+b+l+e+e+m+p+i+r+e&gs_rfai=&pbx=1&fp=83f87efc6f926f13 TheStoningOfSorayaM2008-ytdebyasqqwc The Stoning of Soraya M. (2008) [DVDRip] with English Subtitles               http://stagevu.com/video/ytdebyasqqwc http://thegiganticheartlessmultinationalcorporation.com/id867.htm   He who  is without sin cast the first stone. This stuff sounds so familiar...ED

Ahhh! The Donuts  Anon CGI  MORE LATER http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/fractals/gasket/ http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/fractals/quatjulia/ http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/fractals/peterdejong/ Uummm! Donuts! http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/rendering/povfrac/final/0006.html http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/rendering/povfrac/final/ http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/fractals/symmetry/MathEd_PDF_PresentIt.pdf http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/fractals/wada/FB1.br5   Ahhh!  Donuts  Anon CGI  MORE LATER  ummm donuts  CGI:Fractals Part one                                                                                                                 Ah! the donuts-anon[Think about it after with your eyes closed be the donut.]

Bob Dylan
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPQVJEHFLyM

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ “Good artists borrow. Great artists steal.” ---Picasso. A note on originality: genius is not so much the art of invention as it is the art of synthesis  http://www.blenderkitty.com/ BACK/ HOME Copyright © 2003 Michael Teague.  All rights reserved. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Coming soon the story of something for nothing king of the "new world" by purchased Paple decree. http://web.archive.org/web/20041213100658/http://www.people.virginia.edu/~pnm3r/kituwah/Chapter+1-03.htm            Contact and Conquest in Early America When Christopher Columbus arrived on the shores of the New World, he did so propelled by an apocalyptic vision in which he saw his voyage as the fulfillment of biblical prophecy.154 Though he was pushed by his devotion to the evangelical mission, he was also guided by a motive seemingly inseparable from his religious one, "Let Christ rejoice upon earth as he rejoices in heaven, as he foresees that so many souls of so many people heretofore lost are to be saved; and let us be glad not only for the exaltation of our faith, but also for the increase of temporal prosperity, in which not only Spain, but all Christendom is about to share."155 From the very beginning, the Spaniards were driven by mixed motives.156 Central to Columbus's mission was an "increase of temporal prosperity," "...If I am supported by some little assistance from them, I will give them as much gold as they have need of, and, in addition spices, cotton, and mastic, which is found only in chios, and as much aloes-wood, and as many heathen slaves as their majesty may choose to demand... 157 (italics mine) It is important to understand the purpose of these early Spanish explorations into the New World; they were as much efforts to build the Spanish Empire as they were to spread the gospel. The Bull of Grenada, granted in 1486 by Innocent VII to Ferdinand and Isabella, spelled out the terms of the mission, "For the more precarious that freely embraced combat for the sake of immortal God, the greater their insistence on diligent and expert pressing of the contest and the better they realize that, beyond the salvation of their souls, the Apostolic See grants them the most abundant recompense.158 Ponce de Leon's 1512 patent from the Spanish authorities provided that any Indians that he might discover in the Americas should be divided among the members of his expedition that they should "derive whatever advantage might be secured thereby." 159 Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon's 1523 cedula authorized him to "purchase prisoners of war held as slaves held by the natives, to employ them on his farms and export them as he saw fit, without the payment of any duty whatsoever upon them." 160 The first recorded European contact with the people of the Cherokee Nation was with the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. When De Soto landed in Florida with his soldiers in 1539, he brought with him Spanish Mastiffs, chains, and iron collars for the acquisition and exportation of Indian slaves.161 Hundreds of men, women and children were captured by de Soto and transported to the coasts for shipment to the Caribbean and to Spain.162 A Cherokee from Oklahoma remembered his father's tale of the Spanish slave trade, "At an early state the Spanish engaged in the slave trade on this continent and in so doing kidnapped hundreds of thousands of the Indians from the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts to work their mines in the West Indies."163 The "old ways" of the Cherokee society embraced a social and political system rooted in harmony, equality, and promotion of the common welfare. However, now the Cherokee faced a great threat from Europeans who believed themselves both racially and religiously superior. In addition, the Europeans would use such ideology to build both fame and fortune. In the new world of the colonial period, the traditional worldview of the Cherokee faced a consumptive ideology of conquest and colonialism. Racism and religious intolerance were critical components in the European dispossession and enslavement of Native Americans in the colonial period.164 Originating in the Aristotelian notion of "natural rights," the concept of "white supremacy" as it developed in the sixteenth century was rooted in the classic traditions of philosophical idolatry.165 As opposed to the ideas of "balance" and "reciprocity" central to the native vision of the world, the European ideal established hierarchy as the basic nature of humanity and slavery the corresponding result of that natural hierarchy, "Those, therefore, who are as much inferior to others as are the body to the soul and beasts to men, are by nature slaves. He is by nature born slave who...shares in reason to the extent of apprehending it without possessing it."166 In 1555, a disputation was held in Valladolid, Spain, to determine the disposition of the peoples of the new world. Juan Gines de Sepulveda, theologian in the tradition of John Major, debated with Bartholomeo de las Casas, the so-called "champion of the Indians." Sepulveda argued the superiority of the Spaniard to the indigenous people, "In wisdom, skill, virtue and humanity, these people are as inferior to the Spaniards as children are to adults and women to men; there is a great a difference between savagery and forebearance, between violence and moderation, almost -- I am inclined to say -- as between monkeys and men."167 Las Casas argued against this ideology, "They [the Indians] are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religions, and customs. They cultivated friendship, and bound together in common fellowship, lived in populous cities in which they wisely administered the affairs of both peace and war justly and equitably, truly governed by laws that at very many points surpass ours, and could have won the admiration of the sages of Athens." 168 When the disputation was over, Las Casas had won the day in Valladolid. However, the moral argument of Las Casas was soon swept aside by a European continent facing a vast world with countless treasures, inhabited by a people who could, themselves, become a commodity in the open market.169 What was originally the "black legend" of Spanish ethnocentrism and genocidal cruelty quickly became common practice in Europe relations with the peoples of the Americas as political, economic, and religious sentiment fueled colonial expansion.170 Though initially shocked by Sir John Hawkins's first slavery venture in 1562-1563, Queen Elizabeth quickly changed her mind -- "not only did she forgive him but she became a shareholder in his second slaving voyage."171 By the middle of the seventeenth century, the traffic in slaves from Europe, Africa, and the Americas became a mainstay of the colonial economic enterprise. Behind the mercantile enterprise was a moral sanction of the pervasive ideology of conquest and colonialism. 154 "David in his will left Solomon 3,000 quintals of gold from the Indies to aid in building the temple; and, according to Josephus, it was from these same lands. Jerusalem and the Mount of Zion are now to be rebuilt by Christian hands, and God through the mouth of the prophet in the fourteenth Psalm said so." Columbus hoped to use the riches from the Americas to finance a new Crusade in order to recover Jerusalem from the hands of the infidels. [Christopher Columbus, "Columbus's Lettera Rarissima to the Sovereigns" in Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, Translated and edited by Samuel Eliot Morrison, New York: The Heritage Press, 1963, 383-384]. 155 Christopher Columbus, "Letter to Gabriel Sanchez" in Old South Leaflets, Volume II, Number 34 (Boston: Directors of the Old South Work, n.d.), 7. 156 "Civil and sacred interests were intertwined in a system so thorough and so complex as scarcely to be separated, so permanent and pervasive that organic union escapes any but a careful observer." W. Eugene Shiels, King and Church: The Rise and Fall of the Patronato Real (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1961), 9. 157 Columbus, "Letter to Gabriel Sanchez," 6. 158 "Bull of Grenada" in Shiels, p. 66. 159 Woodbury Lowery, The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States: 1513-1561, (New York: Bolton and Ross, 1905), 162. 160 Lowery, 169. 161 Jameson, 160. 162 Bourne, 60, 94-9, 103-105. 163 J.B. Davis, "Indian Territory in 1878," Chronicles of Oklahoma IV (1926): 264. 164 "...It has become evident through long experience that nothing has sufficed to bring the said chiefs and Indians to a knowledge of our Faith (necessary for their salvation), since by nature they are inclined to idleness and vice, and have no manner of virtue or doctrine." "The Laws of Burgos," 1512 in Lewis Hanke, ed., History of Latin American Civilization: Sources and Interpretations, 2 Vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1967), 135. 165 Gustavo Guttierez, Las Casas: In Search of the Poor of Jesus Christ, Translated by Robert Barr, (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1993), 291. 166 Aristotle quoted in Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), 152. See also James Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indian (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1970). 167 Juan Gines de Sepulveda, Democritus Alter (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Instituto Francisco de Vitoria, 1984), 33. See also Jose A. Fernandez-Santamaria, "Juan Gines De Sepulveda On The Nature Of The American Indians" Americas 1975 31(4): 434-451. 168 Bartholomeo de Las Casas, In Defense of the Indians Translated, edited and annotated by Stafford Poole (Dekalb: Northern University Press, 1974), 42-43. 169 For excellent discussions of this issue, see John Henrik Clark, "Race: An Evolving Issue In Western Social Thought" Journal of Human Relations 1970 18(3): 1040-1054; Louis Ruchamps, "The Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial America" in The Journal of Negro History 52 (1967), 251-273. 170 Wilbur R. Jacobs, "Columbus, Indians, And The Black Legend Hocus Pocus" American Indian Culture and Research Journal 1993 17(2): 175-187. 171 Daniel P. Mannix and Malcolm Cowley, Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1523-1865 (New York: 1962), 22. http://web.archive.org/web/20041213100658/http://www.people.virginia.edu/~pnm3r/kituwah/Chapter+1-03.htm Warning!!! The Content You are about to see may be offensive to some people. You must be able to take it to view it. Children under the age of 18 are required to have parents guidance when viewing the following blog post. If you are offended by and or if you cannot legally view this type of material where you reside, PLEASE EXIT NOW! Christopher Columbus The Untold Story     Pope Gives the Americas to Spain Following Columbus' "discovery", Pope Alexander VI issued a May 4, 1493, papal bull granting official ownership of the New World  to Ferdinand and Isabella. To these monarchs, the Pope declared:  "We of our own motion, and not at your solicitation, do give, concede, and assign for ever to you and your successors, all the islands, and main lands, discovered;  and which may hereafter, be discovered, towards the west and south; whether they be situated towards India, or towards any other part whatsoever, and give you absolute power in them." [9] http://www.understandingprejudice.org/nativeiq/columbus.htm The Inter Caetera, Papal Bull of May 4, 1493 by Alexander VI  What is a Papal Bull View an online petition to revoke the papal bull of 1493 Revoke the 1493 Papal Bull View Current Signatures   -   Sign the Petition *The original “Appeal to the Vatican and Pope John Paul II” was written by indigenous rights activists in Honolulu, Hawai`i on October 12, 1999. To:  the Vatican and Pope John Paul II APPEAL TO THE VATICAN AND POPE JOHN PAUL II, On November 28, 1998, Pope John Paul II called "Christianity's 2000th anniversary a year of mercy," as reported by AP, saying "the church will seek forgiveness," "atonement," and that he "wants the church to enter the third millennium with a clear conscience." We, the undersigned, join with Indigenous Peoples everywhere in calling upon Pope John Paul II to revoke the 1493 Bull "Inter Caetera." We recognize that this initiative would be a spiritually significant step towards creating a new way of life, and a step away from the greed and subjugation in a history that has oppressed, exploited and destroyed countless numbers of Indigenous Peoples throughout the world. The Bull "Inter Caetera," like many other edicts issued before it by the Vatican, established Christian dominion and subjugation of non-Christian peoples and their lands. It has yet to be revoked. Sincerely, The Undersigned View Current Signatures     The Revoke the 1493 Papal Bull Petition to the Vatican and Pope John Paul II was created by and written by Roberto Mucaro Borrero.  This petition is hosted here at www.PetitionOnline.com as a public service. There is no endorsement of this petition, express or implied, by Artifice, Inc. or our sponsors. For technical support please use our simple Petition Help form. Send this to a friend Send Petition to a Friend - Petition FAQ - Start a Petition - Contributions - Privacy - Media Kit - Comments and Suggestions PetitionOnline - DesignCommunity - 3D Designers - Gallery - Architecture Forum - 3D Developers - Games - Search http://www.PetitionOnline.com/1492/petition.html © 1999-2004 Artifice, Inc. - All Rights Reserved. http://www.kwabs.com/spanish_claim_.html The Annual papal bull burning Legal Foundations of the Spanish Claim on the New World   http://www.kwabs.com/bull_of_1493.html  http://www.kwabs.com/spanish_claim_.html http://www.reformation.org/alonso-de-hojeda.html Popes For Slavery               http://www.romancatholicism.org/popes-slavery.htm Christopher Columbus The Untold Story     Pope Gives the Americas to Spain Following Columbus' "discovery", Pope Alexander VI issued a May 4, 1493, papal bull granting official ownership of the New World  to Ferdinand and Isabella. To these monarchs, the Pope declared:  "We of our own motion, and not at your solicitation, do give, concede, and assign for ever to you and your successors, all the islands, and main lands, discovered;  and which may hereafter, be discovered, towards the west and south; whether they be situated towards India, or towards any other part whatsoever, and give you absolute power in them." [9] http://www.understandingprejudice.org/nativeiq/columbus.htm Pope Alexander VI Click on the picture to see a larger version Historical context The rivalry betwen Spain and Portugal for the possession of the newly discovered lands of the non christian world reached its highest point after the discorery of west indies by Columbus in 1492 .  The key element of this struggle was the control of the trade with the eastern portions of the world. The Italian and the Arabs were in  the early 1400's the providers of goods from Africa and the Eastern nations.  However, the kingdoms of Portugal and Castille gradually became serious contenders  as sea fearer nations and started to challenge each other for strategic control of  the routes and the possession of territories along the African west coast. It is not by accident that Columbus, an Italien navigator, sought the financial and military backing for his expedition in Portugal first and, when he could not succeed, made the same proposition to the sovereign of Castille who accepted. (Ref 1) Returning from his first voyage, Columbus landed on the Portuguese coast and was at once invited to Court. He reached Lisbon March 4, 1493, upon the invitation of the King of Portugal. On hearing his report, King John II claimed the newly discovered lands for Portugal by virtue of the Treaty of Alcacovas of 1479, sanctioned by the Bulls of Pope Sixtus IV, dated June 21, 1481. The text of the Treaty and the Bull contain some slight variations and thereby allow of different interpretations. It is difficult to decide, therefore, whether this claim of the Portuguese King was justified. Contemporary as well as modern historians have always differed widely in their opinions. It is generally believed that, with his famous message on his discoveries, Columbus dispatched to the Spanish Kings, who were at Barcelona, a report on the difficulties raised by the Portuguese King, but it is questioned whether this was sent from Lisbon by land or from Palos after having reached the latter port, March 14, 1493. John II King of Portugal  King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain reported the great news at once to Pope Alexander VI. It is again doubtful whether this was done by a special messenger or by a courier sent to Cardinal Bernardin de Carvajal and to Ruiz de Medina, then Spanish ambassadors at the Holy See, and whether this was done in consequence of the Portuguese claims or according to a general custom of that period. Pope Alexander VI, himself a Spaniard, granted the request to confer the lately discovered lands on the Crown of Spain by three Bulls issued on May 3 and May 4 1493 (all much in favor of Spain, and depriving Portugal of nearly all privileges bestowed upon it by the Bulls of 1452 and 1454, issued by Nicholas V, and by that of 1481 of Sixtus IV and one of 1484 of Innocentius VIII). Some months later, on September 26, 1493, a fourth Bull was issued granting to Spain almost unlimited rights. But this act remained without consequence; for in the meantime, at the suggestion of the King of Spain, it was agreed that, to avoid complications already threatening, a conference should be held. Portuguese ambassadors were sent to Barcelona and, after many negotiations and some interruptions, a settlement was finally reached at the small Spanish town of Tordesillas and a treaty was signed on June 7, 1494. Obviously inspired by the corresponding passage in the second Bull "Inter caetera", but not referring to this or any other bulls or treaties, it was provided that there should be drawn a line running from North to South, 370 leagues west from Cape Verde Islands, and that everything west of this line should belong to Spain, everything east of it to Portugal. The sanction, which by the terms of the Treaty was to be asked, was never given by Alexander VI and not before the 24th of January, 1506, was a Bull to such effect issued by Pope Julius II. Although much disputed and very differently interpreted, this Treaty remained in force until January 13, 1750, when the Treaty of Madrid annulled the boundary line. It would seem, however, that this boundary line, first provided for in the second Bull "Inter caetera" and later corrected in the Treaty of Tordesillas, decided what parts of the western hemisphere as well as which regions of the eastern hemisphere were discovered, possessed and civilized by Spain and by Portugal respectively, and which still speak the language and show the influence of the culture of their first discoverers. (end ref. 1) (ref 2) Comments on the content  of  the Bull Inter Caetera Like the bull "Eximiae devotionis" of May 3, the bull "Inter caetera" of May 4 is a restatement of part of the bull "Inter caetera" of May 3. Taken together the two later bulls cover the same ground as the bull "Inter caetera" of May 3, for which they form a substitute. The changes introduced into the bull "Inter caetera" of May 4, are, however, of great importance, and highly favorable to Spain. Instead of merely granting to Castile the lands discovered by her envoys, and not under Christian rule, the revised bull draws a line of demarcation one hundred leagues west of any of the Azores or Cape Verde Islands, and assigns to Castile the exclusive right to acquire territorial possessions and to trade in all lands west of that line, which at Christmas, 1492, were not in the possession of any Christian prince. The general safeguard to the possible conflicting rights of Portugal is lacking. All persons are forbidden to approach the lands west of the line without special license from the rulers of Castile. It is not probable that by this bull Alexander VI intended to secure to Portugal an eastern route to the Indies, as some writers have maintained. In the bulls of May 3, the earlier papal grants to Portugal are said to have given her rights in the region of Guinea and the Gold Mine, but the Indies are not mentioned. The bull of May 4 does not name Portugal and refers to her only in the clause which excepts from the donation any lands west of the demarcation line, which at Christmas, 1492, might be in the possession of any Christian prince.  (end of ref 2) (ref.3) The English Translation of the Bull Inter Caetera Alexander, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to the illustrious sovereigns, our very dear son in Christ, Ferdinand, king, and our very dear daughter in Christ, Isabella, queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, and Granada, health and apostolic benediction. Among other works well pleasing to the Divine Majesty and cherished of our heart, this assuredly ranks highest, that in our times especially the Catholic faith and the Christian religion be exalted and be everywhere increased and spread, that the health of souls be cared for and that barbarous nations be overthrown and brought to the faith itself. Wherefore inasmuch as by the favor of divine clemency, we, though of insufficient merits, have been called to this Holy See of Peter, recognizing that as true Catholic kings and princes, such as we have known you always to be, and as your illustrious deeds already known to almost the whole world declare, you not only eagerly desire but with every effort, zeal, and diligence, without regard to hardships, expenses, dangers, with the shedding even of your blood, are laboring to that end; recognizing also that you have long since dedicated to this purpose your whole soul and all your endeavors -- as witnessed in these times with so much glory to the Divine Name in your recovery of the kingdom of Granada from the yoke of the Saracens -- we therefore are rightly led, and hold it as our duty, to grant you even of our own accord and in your favor those things whereby with effort each day more hearty you may be enabled for the honor of God himself and the spread of the Christian rule to carry forward your holy and praiseworthy purpose so pleasing to immortal God. We have indeed learned that you, who for a long time had intended to seek out and discover certain islands and mainlands remote and unknown and not hitherto discovered by others, to the end that you might bring to the worship of our Redeemer and the profession of the Catholic faith their residents and inhabitants, having been up to the present time greatly engaged in the siege and recovery of the kingdom itself of Granada were unable to accomplish this holy and praiseworthy purpose; but the said kingdom having at length been regained, as was pleasing to the Lord, you, with the wish to fulfill your desire, chose our beloved son, Christopher Columbus, a man assuredly worthy and of the highest recommendations and fitted for so great an undertaking, whom you furnished with ships and men equipped for like designs, not without the greatest hardships, dangers, and expenses, to make diligent quest for these remote and unknown mainlands and islands through the sea, where hitherto no one had sailed; and they at length, with divine aid and with the utmost diligence sailing in the ocean sea, discovered certain very remote islands and even mainlands that hitherto had not been discovered by others; wherein dwell very many peoples living in peace, and, as reported, going unclothed, and not eating flesh. Moreover, as your aforesaid envoys are of opinion, these very peoples living in the said islands and countries believe in one God, the Creator in heaven, and seem sufficiently disposed to embrace the Catholic faith and be trained in good morals. And it is hoped that, were they instructed, the name of the Savior, our Lord Jesus Christ, would easily be introduced into the said countries and islands. Also, on one of the chief of these aforesaid islands the said Christopher has already caused to be put together and built a fortress fairly equipped, wherein he has stationed as garrison certain Christians, companions of his, who are to make search for other remote and unknown islands and mainlands. In the islands and countries already discovered are found gold, spices, and very many other precious things of divers kinds and qualities. Wherefore, as becomes Catholic kings and princes, after earnest consideration of all matters, especially of the rise and spread of the Catholic faith, as was the fashion of your ancestors, kings of renowned memory, you have purposed with the favor of divine clemency to bring under your sway the said mainlands and islands with their residents and inhabitants and to bring them to the Catholic faith. Hence, heartily commending in the Lord this your holy and praiseworthy purpose, and desirous that it be duly accomplished, and that the name of our Savior be carried into those regions, we exhort you very earnestly in the Lord and by your reception of holy baptism, whereby you are bound to our apostolic commands, and by the bowels of the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, enjoin strictly, that inasmuch as with eager zeal for the true faith you design to equip and despatch this expedition, you purpose also, as is your duty, to lead the peoples dwelling in those islands and countries to embrace the Christian religion; nor at any time let dangers or hardships deter you therefrom, with the stout hope and trust in your hearts that Almighty God will further your undertakings. And, in order that you may enter upon so great an undertaking with greater readiness and heartiness endowed with the benefit of our apostolic favor, we, of our own accord, not at your instance nor the request of anyone else in your regard, but of our own sole largess and certain knowledge and out of the fullness of our apostolic power, by the authority of Almighty God conferred upon us in blessed Peter and of the vicarship of Jesus Christ, which we hold on earth, do by tenor of these presents, should any of said islands have been found by your envoys and captains, give, grant, and assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon, forever, together with all their dominions, cities, camps, places, and villages, and all rights, jurisdictions, and appurtenances, all islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole, namely the north, to the Antarctic pole, namely the south, no matter whether the said mainlands and islands are found and to be found in the direction of India or towards any other quarter, the said line to be distant one hundred leagues towards the west and south from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde. With this proviso however that none of the islands and mainlands, found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, beyond that said line towards the west and south, be in the actual possession of any Christian king or prince up to the birthday of our Lord Jesus Christ just past from which the present year one thousand four hundred and ninety-three begins. And we make, appoint, and depute you and your said heirs and successors lords of them with full and free power, authority, and jurisdiction of every kind; with this proviso however, that by this our gift, grant, and assignment no right acquired by any Christian prince, who may be in actual possession of said islands and mainlands prior to the said birthday of our Lord Jesus Christ, is hereby to be understood to be withdrawn or taken away. Moreover we command you in virtue of holy obedience that, employing all due diligence in the premises, as you also promise -- nor do we doubt your compliance therein in accordance with your loyalty and royal greatness of spirit -- you should appoint to the aforesaid mainlands and islands worthy, God-fearing, learned, skilled, and experienced men, in order to instruct the aforesaid inhabitants and residents in the Catholic faith and train them in good morals. Furthermore, under penalty of excommunication late sententie to be incurred ipso facto, should anyone thus contravene, we strictly forbid all persons of whatsoever rank, even imperial and royal, or of whatsoever estate, degree, order, or condition, to dare, without your special permit or that of your aforesaid heirs and successors, to go for the purpose of trade or any other reason to the islands or mainlands, found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole to the Antarctic pole, no matter whether the mainlands and islands, found and to be found, lie in the direction of India or toward any other quarter whatsoever, the said line to be distant one hundred leagues towards the west and south, as is aforesaid, from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde; apostolic constitutions and ordinances and other decrees whatsoever to the contrary notwithstanding. We trust in Him from whom empires and governments and all good things proceed, that, should you, with the Lord's guidance, pursue this holy and praiseworthy undertaking, in a short while your hardships and endeavors will attain the most felicitous result, to the happiness and glory of all Christendom. But inasmuch as it would be difficult to have these present letters sent to all places where desirable, we wish, and with similar accord and knowledge do decree, that to copies of them, signed by the hand of a public notary commissioned therefor, and sealed with the seal of any ecclesiastical officer or ecclesiastical court, the same respect is to be shown in court and outside as well as anywhere else as would be given to these presents should they thus be exhibited or shown. Let no one, therefore, infringe, or with rash boldness contravene, this our recommendation, exhortation, requisition, gift, grant, assignment, constitution, deputation, decree, mandate, prohibition, and will. Should anyone presume to attempt this, be it known to him that he will incur the wrath of Almighty God and of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul. Given at Rome, at St. Peter's, in the year of the incarnation of our Lord one thousand four hundred and ninety-three, the fourth of May, and the first year of our pontificate. Gratis by order of our most holy lord, the pope. June. For the referendary, For J. Bufolinus,  A. de Mucciarellis.     A. Santoseverino.  L. Podocatharus. Source Ref.1 : From Paul Gottschalk, "The Earliest Diplomatic Documents on America: The Papal Bulls of 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas Reproduced and Translated," Berlin, 1927. Ref.2 :  From  Frances Gardiner Davenport, ed., "European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648," Washington, D.C., 1917. Ref.3 : The inter Caetera  English translation is also from " European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648", Frances Gardiner Davenport, editor, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917, Washington, D.C., at pp. 75-78. The original text in Latin is in the same volume, at pp. 72-75. Related sujects What is a Papal Bull View an online petition to revoke the papal bull of 1493 The Annual papal bull burning Legal Foundations of the Spanish Claim on the New World    http://www.kwabs.com/bull_of_1493.html   http://www.kwabs.com/spanish_claim_.html http://www.reformation.org/alonso-de-hojeda.html   Popes For Slavery               http://www.romancatholicism.org/popes-slavery.htm   Invisible Empire Official Trailer        http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3Fo1zEjCRw  http://www.kwabs.com/spanish_claim_.html The Legal background of the Spanish claim  and colonization of the Caribbean and the New World GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS   European expansion: the Clash  between Portugal and Spain The European expansion started in the XIV century but reached its momentum in the  XV century with the travel in Africa of Portugal and the discovery of the New World by Chritopher Columbus in 1492. Being the principal monarchic state invloved in the travel to the atlantic islands and the coast of Africa, Portugal enjoyed a tremendous advantage over Spain, its nearest competitor.  This advantage was sealed by several papal bulls of 1452, 1454 and 1455 (the Romanus Pontifex Bull) issued by Nicholas V,  that of 1481 of Sixtus IV (which sanctioned the treaty of Alcacovas of 1479) and the one of 1484 of Innocentius VIII. The political fortune of the Spanish Crown changed dramatically in the month  of March of the year 1493 when Christopher Columbus returned to Europe (touching  Lisbon before reaching Spain) after the discovery of the New World. It is not very difficult to imagine the commotion caused by the news of the discovery generally all over Europe but particularly in the Iberian Peninsula. The Instant fame achieved by Columbus, the huge public showing of deference displayed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella give us a profile of the tremendous strategic importance of his discovery. The King of Portugal responded to the new situation by claiming the right of Portugal on the new discovered lands based on the treaty of Alcacovas of 1479. The Spanish crown sought the help of Spanish Pope Alexander VI who published five Bulls that settled the matter in favor of Spain.  The Demarcation Line Bull of Pope Alexander VI (The Inter Caetera of May 4 1493) was amended by the Tordesillas treaty betwen Spain and Portugal. All together, from the Papal Bull of 1452 to the ratification of the Tordesillas treaty in September 5 1494, there were 10 Papal Bulls and Two Treaties . While reading the texts of the Bulls, one encounters the constant affirmation of the Universal Power of the Pope as the successor of Saint Peter and the guardian of the Supreme Power of the world which was said to come from God through Jesus Christ.  It is also important to note that in the Imperial State, the Monarch or his successor was the possessor of all the lands and the people were his subjects/servants. His power came from God not from the nation or the people.  As such, he was able to grant lands and titles to his subjects and their successors. Such was the case of Christopher Columbus who was granted the title of Admiral of the Seas and Viceroy from the sovereigns of Spain in April 1492 before his first voyage. When one understands the general context of the power of the King in the monarchic states of Europe in the XIV and XV centuries, the documents establishing the claims of Spain on the lands of New World (the 1493 Bull Inter Caetera of Alexander VI and the Treaty of Tordesillas)  and the assimilation of the indigenous people of the Caribbean in the global subjecthood of King Ferdinand ( King Ferdinand letter to the Tainos people) appear like an integral part of a set of historical circumstances.   THE CLAIMS AND THEIR LEGAL FOUNDATIONS Claims of Portugal and Spain: Bulls and treaty before 1492 The Bull Romanus Pontifex, January 8, 1455 The Bull Romanus Pontifex, January 8, 1455, issued by Pope Nicholas V granted Portugal exclusive right to acquire territory in the region lying south of Cape Bojador, through and beyond Guinea. Read The full text click here The original manuscript of the promulgated bull is in the National Archives in Lisbon, Coll. de Bullas, maço 7, no. 29]. The Bull Inter Caetera, March 13, 1456 The Bull Inter Caetera issued by Pope Calixtus III on March 13, 1456 states in part: . . . Moreover by the authority and with the knowledge aforesaid, we determine, ordain, and appoint forever that ecclesiastical and all ordinary jurisdiction, lordship, and power, in ecclesiastical matters only, in islands, villages, harbors, lands, and places, acquired and to be acquired from capes Bojador and Nam as far through Guinea, and past that souther shore all the way to the Indians, the position, number, nature, appellations, designations, bounds, and localities of which we wish to be considered as expressed by these presents, shall belong and pertain to said military order [the Order of Jesus Christ] for all time; and in accordance with the tenor of these presents, by the authority and knowledge aforesaid, we grant and give them these. . . [An official copy of the bull, made August 16, 1456, is in the National Archives in Lisbon, gav. 7a, maço 13, no. 7].   The Treaty of Alcáçovas-Toledo, September 4, 1479 In spite of papal letters, Castile continued to claim Guinea. The Treaty between Portugal and Spain Negotiated at Alcáçovas on September 4, 1479 states in part: We, Don Ferdinand and Doña Isabella, by the grace of God, king and queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, . . . make known to all whom shall see the present letter that perpetual peace between us and the said kingdoms and lordships, and our cousin, the very illustrious king of Portugal the Algraves on this side and beyond the sea in Africa, and his son, the illustrious prince, Dom John. . . . Moreover, the aforesaid King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, Sicily, etc. willed and resolved . . . that neither of themselves nor by another secretly, publicly or secretly, or by their heirs and successors, will they disturb, trouble, or molest, in fact or in law, in court or out of court, the said King and Prince of Portugal or the future sovereigns of Portugal or their kingdoms, in their possessions or quasi possessions in al the trade, lands, and barter in Guinea. . . . For whatever has been found or shall be found, acquired by conquest, or discovered within the said limits, beyond what has already been found, occupied, or discovered, belongs to the said King and Prince of Portugal and to their kingdoms, excepting only the Canary Islands, to wit: Lançarote, Palma, Forteventura, Gomera, Ferro, Graciosa, Grand Canary, Teneriffe, and all the other Canary Islands, acquired or to be acquired, which belong to the kingdoms of Castile. . . [The original manuscript of the ratification, signed by Ferdinand and Isabella at Toledo, March 6, 1480 is in the National Archives in Lisbon, gav. 17, maço 6, no. 16]. Read the Full Text of the Treaty Click here Bull Aeterni Regis, June 21, 1481 On June 21, 1481 Pope Sixtus IV issued The Bull Aeterni Regis, by which he approved The Treaty of Alcáçovas stating of this treaty: considering the letters of Nicholas and of Calixtus, our predecessors, the articles aforesaid [i.e The Treaty of Alcáçovas], as valid and acceptable, do by apostolic authority and tenor of these presents, approve and confirm them and everything contained in them and secure them by the protection of this present writing, decreeing that they, all and singular, ought to possess full authority and be observed forever. . . [The original manuscript of the promulgated bull is in the National Archives in Lisbon, Coll. de Bullas, maço 26, no. 10]. The Claims of Crown of Spain on the newly discovered land starting with the creation of the Admiralty of the New World on the April 30 1492 1) The creation of the New World admiralty and the setting of  Privileges and Prerogatives Granted to Christopher Columbus on April 30, 1492 before his first voyage The Privileges and Prerogatives Granted by Their Catholic Majesties to Christopher Columbus April 30, 1492 established admiralty jurisdiction in the New World. FERDINAND and ELIZABETH, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of Castile, of Leon, of Aragon, of Sicily, of Grenada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Majorca, of Minorca, of Sevil, of Sardinia, of Jaen, of Algarve, of Algezira, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, Count and Countess of Barcelona, Lord and Lady of Biscay and Molina, Duke and Duchess of Athens and Neopatria. Count and Countess of Rousillion and Cerdaigne, Marquess and Marchioness of Oristan and Gociano, &c. . . . . That you, Christopher Columbus, after discovering and conquering the said Islands and Continent in the said ocean, or any of them, shall be our Admiral of the said Islands and Continent you shall so discover and conquer; and that you be our Admiral, Vice-Roy, and Governor in them, and that for the future, you may call and stile yourself, D. Christopher Columbus, and that your sons and successors in the said employment, may call themselves Dons, Admirals, Vice-Roys, and Governors of them; and that you may exercise the office of Admiral, with the charge of Vice-Roy and Governor of the said Islands and Continent, which you and your Lieutenants shall conquer, and freely decide all causes, civil and criminal, appertaining to the said employment of Admiral, Vice-Roy, and Governor, as you shall think fit in justice, and as the Admirals of our kingdoms use to do; and that you have power to punish offenders; and you and your Lieutenants exercise the employments of Admiral, Vice-Roy, and Governor, in all things belonging to the said offices, or any of them; and that you enjoy the perquisites and salaries belonging to the said employments, and to each of them, in the same manner as the High Admiral of our kingdoms does. . . . Said land claim took effect upon the planting of the Spanish Admiralty Crown flag into the soil of America. 2) The Papal Bulls of 1493 as legal basis for the Claim of Spain The Papal Bulls of 1493 by Alexander VI created a European claim upon the lands found by the explorers of the Spanish Crown. a) Bull Inter Caetera , May 3, 1493 (The first Inter Caetera) Bull Inter of May 3, 1493 confirmed the dominion over the islands and lands already discovered and those that might be discovered, provided they were not already held by another Christian ruler. Pope Alexander writes in part: . . . by the authority of Almighty God coffered upon us in blessed Peter and of the vicarship of Jesus Christ which we hold on earth, do by the tenor of these presents give, grant, and assign forever to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon, all and singular the aforesaid countries and islands thus unknown and hitherto discovered by your envoys and to be discovered hereafter, provided however they at no time have been in the actual temporal possession of any Christian owner. . . [The original manuscript of the promulgated bulls is in the Archives of the Indies at Seville, Paronato I-I-I, no. I]. b)The Bull, Eximiae devotionis, May 3, 1493 The Bull, Eximiae devotionis, dated May 3, 1493, but probably drawn up in June or July of 1493, states in part: For this very day of our own accord and certain knowledge, and out of the fullness of our apostolic power, we have given, granted, and assigned forever, as appears more fully in our letters drawn up therefor, to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon, all singular and remote and unknown mainlands and islands lying towards the western parts and the ocean sea, that have been discovered or hereafter may be discovered by you or your envoys. . . and with them all their lordships, cities, castles, places, villages, rights, and jurisdictions; provided however these countries have not been in the actual temporal possession of any Christian lords. But in as much as at another time the Apostolic See has granted diverse privileges, favors, liberties, immunities, exemptions, faculties, letters, and inducts to certain kings of Portugal. . . . we do by tenor of these presents, as a gift of special favor, grant to you and your aforesaid heirs and successors, all and singular the graces and privileges, exemptions, liberties, faculties, immunities, letters, and inducts that have been thus granted to the king of Portugal, the terms whereof we wish to be understood as sufficiently expressed and inserted, as if they had been inserted word for word in these presents. Moreover we extend similarly and enlarge these powers in all things and through all things to you and your aforesaid heirs and successors, to whom in the same manner and form we grant them forever. . . [An official copy of the promulgated bull, made in 1515, is in the Archives of the Indies at Seville, Paronato I-I-I, no. 4]. c) The Bull, Inter caetera, May 4, 1493 The Bull, Inter caetera, dated May 4, 1493, but probably drawn up in June or July of 1493, states in part: Furthermore, under penalty of excommunication late sententie to be incurred ipso facto, should anyone thus contrive, we strictly forbid all persons of whatsoever rank, even imperial or royal, or of whatsoever estate, degree, order, or condition, to dare, without your [Ferdinand and Isabella] special permit that of your aforesaid heirs and successors, to go for the purpose of trade or any other reason to the islands or mainlands, found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole to the Antarctic pole, no matter whether the mainlands and islands, found and to be found, lie in the direction of India or toward any other quarter whatsoever, the said line to be distant one hundred leagues towards the west and south, as is aforesaid, from any islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde; apostolic constitutions and ordinances and other decrees whatsoever to the contrary not withstanding. [The original manuscript of the promulgated bulls is in the Archives of the Indies at Seville, Paronato I-I-I, no. 3]. Read The Full Text Click here d) The Bull, Dudum siquidem, September 26, 1493 The Bull, Dudum siquidem, of September 26, 1493 in part states: . . . since it may happen that your envoys and captains or vassals, while voyaging toward the west or south, might bring their ships to land in eastern regions and there discover islands and mainlands that belong to India, with the desire moreover to bestow gracious favors upon you, through our similar accord, knowledge, and fullness of power, by apostolic authority and by tenor of these presents, in all and through all, just as the aforesaid letters full and express mention had been thereof, we do in like manner amplify and extend our aforesaid gift, grant, assignment, and letters, with all and singular clauses contained in said letters, to all islands and mainlands whatsoever, found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, that are or may be or may seem to be in the rout of navigation or travel toward the west or south, whether they be in the western parts, or in the region of the south and east and of India. We grant to you and your aforesaid heirs and successors full and free power through your own authority, exercised through yourself or through another or others, freely to take corporal possession of the said islands and countries and hold them forever, and to defend them against whosoever may oppose, With this strict prohibition however to all persons, of no matter what rank, estate, degree, order or condition, that under penalty of excommunication late sententiae, which such as contrive are to incur ipso facto. . . [The original manuscripts of the promulgated bull are in the Archives of the Indies at Seville, Paronato I-I-I, nos. 2 and 5]. 3) The Treaty of Tordesillas, June 7, 1494 that settled the demarcation line dispute created by the Inter Caetera of Pope Alexander VI The Treaty of Tordesillas negotiated between Spain and Portugal and signed on June 7, 1494 [ratification by Spain July 2, 1494 and Ratified by Portugal, September 5, 1494] states in part: That, whereas a certain controversy exists between the said lords, their constituents, as to what lands, of all those discovered in the ocean sea up to the present day, the date of this treaty, pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., it being the pleasure of their Highnesses, they, their said representatives, acting in their name and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pole to pole, on the said ocean sea, from the Artic to the Antarctic pole. This boundary line shall be drawn straight, as aforesaid, at a distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. . . . And all lands . . . on the eastern side of said bound. . . . shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to the said King of Portugal and his successors. And all other lands. . . on the western side of said bound. . . shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King and Queen of Castile, Leon etc., and their successors [The original manuscript of the ratification signed by Ferdinand and Isabela at Arévalo, July 2, 1494, is in the National Archives at Lisbon, gav. 17, maço 2, no. 24. The original manuscript of ratification signed by John II. at Setubal on September 5, 1494, is in the Archives of the Indies, "Legajo escogido"]. Read the full Text Click Here http://www.kwabs.com/spanish_claim_.html KINGOFWHAT?! Who is in Heaven? The Bible names Everyone in heaven Prove it And the list is very Short TheRCG.org/Heaven http://www.thercg.org/books/dtsgth.html?gclid=CIPSh_iE54gCFRVSVAodnm9NqA Are You a First-Time Visitor? You have reached the only website on earth that explains the truth of virtually every biblical doctrine—and in extraordinary detail. Thus, it is immense. Choose from the left menu to begin. Do the Saved Go to HEAVEN?    Is heaven the reward of the saved? Have your departed loved ones gone there? Will you? Do you have proof?  Are there plain scriptures to the contrary? Yes—here they are! BY DAVID C. PACK You say heaven is the reward of the saved. Are you certain? Have you sought proof?  Almost all professing Christians believe the saved go to heaven upon death. Why? What assurance do they have? By what authority have countless millions believed that they are bound for heaven when they  die? Be honest. You probably consider yourself a Christian. You certainly want to be saved. You have probably also been assured that you will go to heaven some day. Should you not demand proof that heaven is really what you seek—and where you will go? It is about time you know if you will spend all eternity in heaven! An Easy Formula Romans 10:9 states, “That if you shall confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus, and shall believe in your heart that God has raised Him from the dead, you shall be saved.” Verse 13 adds, “For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.” Certain popular verses are routinely cited to validate the simplicity of just believing in Christ to be saved. This makes salvation seem routine and easy. Heaven becomes little more than an assumption in a formula that virtually every professing Christian takes for granted: “Believe in Jesus, go to heaven.” Yet when a famous evangelist was asked, “What will we do when we get to heaven?” he answered, “I don’t know, but it will be wonderful.” Such ignorance!—and if he does not know, how can he “know” it will be wonderful? Answers like this are why people assume that they will “ride clouds in heaven”—“walk the streets of gold in front of the pearly gates”—“play harps”—“grow wings”—or generally “roll around heaven all day.” All of these ideas are man-made, fiction. The Bible teaches none of them—yet almost everyone believes them as fact. So, let’s get the facts—the truth—of what God teaches. We have many booklets explaining in detail the real reward of the saved. Though this booklet will address some of the truth on this matter, it will not and cannot cover everything about the truth of salvation. This is not the purpose or focus here. This booklet is written to examine whether heaven is the destination of the saved. One of the fundamental rules of Bible study is to always start with the clearest scriptures on any subject. Then fit all less clear scriptures into the basic overall picture that has been established. The subject of going to heaven is a classic example of the need to start with the most plain, obvious verses. We will examine a number of them. After doing this, we will examine all the supposed “proof texts” about going to heaven. They will be correctly understood and the false idea of the saved going to heaven will collapse! Plain Scriptures Perhaps the plainest scripture in the Bible about going to heaven is in the Sermon on  the Mount—and it does not even mention the word heaven. While most know of this Sermon, few know of this most important verse. Christ said, “Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth” (Matt. 5:5). Have you ever heard even one minister say that God’s purpose for Christians is to “inherit the EARTH”?  I doubt it. And yet there it is—at the very beginning of the New Testament. What may be more amazing is that Christ was quoting Psalm 37:11. It states the exact same thing. It would not have been strange for Him to reference Psalms, since all His listeners would have been familiar with this scripture. To have said that “the meek shall inherit heaven” certainly would have been strange to their ears! Let’s examine another plain scripture, which adds another element. The apostle John recorded the following: “And has made them [the saints] unto our God kings and priests: and they [the saints] shall reign on the earth” (Rev. 5:10).The reward of God’s saints is to inherit future  rulership “on the earth”—as “kings and priests.” This is plain! I’ll ask again: Have you ever heard a minister say that God’s purpose for you is to “reign on the earth,” as “kings and priests”? Be honest—of course not! You must at least admit that becoming a king is more appealing than riding clouds, playing harps or rolling around heaven. Now, will you believe the plain words of the Bible—or continue in popular but baseless assumptions? Heaven Heaven Heaven - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaWhile there are abundant and varied sources for conceptions of Heaven, ... The term Heaven (which differs from 'The Kingdom of Heaven' see note below) is ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven - 80k - Cached - Similar pages Heaven CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: HeavenIn the Holy Bible the term heaven denotes, in the first place, the blue firmament, or the region of the clouds that pass along the sky. www.newadvent.org/cathen/07170a.htm - 54k - Cached - Similar pages Heaven Welcome to Heavens-Above!Real-time satellite, ISS, and Space Shuttle orbital pass information, maps, and star charts. http://www.heavens-above.com/ - HeavenHeaven Heaven http://www.heaven-creation.com/ http://www.thercg.org/books/dtsgth.html?gclid=CIPSh_iE54gCFRVSVAodnm9NqA Warning!!! The Content You are about to see may be offensive to some people. You must be able to take it to view it. Children under the age of 18 are required to have parents guidance when viewing the following blog post. If you are offended by and or if you cannot legally view this type of material where you reside, PLEASE EXIT NOW! Christopher Columbus The Untold Story     Pope Gives the Americas to Spain Following Columbus' "discovery", Pope Alexander VI issued a May 4, 1493, papal bull granting official ownership of the New World  to Ferdinand and Isabella. To these monarchs, the Pope declared:  "We of our own motion, and not at your solicitation, do give, concede, and assign for ever to you and your successors, all the islands, and main lands, discovered;  and which may hereafter, be discovered, towards the west and south; whether they be situated towards India, or towards any other part whatsoever, and give you absolute power in them." [9] http://www.understandingprejudice.org/nativeiq/columbus.htm Revoking the Bull Inter Caetera of May 4, 1493  Las Casas . At the Parliament of World Religions in 1993, over sixty indigenous delegates drafted a Declaration of Vision, which was originally "endorsed by resolution in a near unanimous vote" of the Parliament (Taliman 1994). It reads, in part: We call upon the people of conscience in the Roman Catholic hierarchy to persuade Pope John II to formally revoke the Inter Cetera Bull of May 4, 1493, which will restore our fundamental human rights. That Papal document called for our Nations and Peoples to be subjugated so the Christian Empire nd its doctrines would be propagated. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling Johnson v. McIntosh 8 Wheat 543 (in 1823) adopted the same principle of subjugation expressed in the Inter Caetera bull. This Papal Bull has been, and continues to be, devastating to our religions, our cultures, and the survival of our populations. Home Background Appeal to the Vatican Delegate to the Vatican Updates contact information       Back to the Top The first annual papal bulls burning took place on October 12, 1997 in front of the Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. Here, 'Ululani Po'ohina burns a papal bull. In the background, from left to right, Kanaka Maoli Hawaiian rights activists Eric Po'ohina, Kekuni Blaisdell, and Soli Niheu look on, while Tony Castanha reads from YESTERDAY Bulls Burning Background 500 Yrs of Oppression Bulls News     TODAY Uncommemorating Columbus Appeal to the Vatican Delegation to the Vatican Final Report on Delegation - October 22, 2000 National Catholic Reporter, "Indigenous demand revocation of 1493 papal bull." - October 27, 2000 National Conference on Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution 2001   Inter Caetera Contact Information Related sujectsWhat is a Papal Bull View an online petition to revoke the papal bull of 1493 Legal Foundations of the Spanish Claim on the New World   http://www.kwabs.com/bull_of_1493.html   http://www.kwabs.com/spanish_claim_.html                           http://www.reformation.org/alonso-de-hojeda.html                                 http://127.0.0.1:4664/cache?event_id=119121&schema_id=2&q=Columbus+paid+off+pope+%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E&s=AyY6pBaAfmmoAbciw6Jk9VGPgv4         Pope Gives the Americas to Spain Following Columbus' "discovery",      Pope Alexander VI issued a May 4, 1493, papal bull granting official ownership of the New World to Ferdinand and Isabella. To these monarchs, the Pope declared: "We of our own motion, and not at your solicitation, do give, concede, and assign for ever to you and   your successors, all the islands, and main lands, discovered; and which may hereafter, be discovered, towards the west and south; whether they be situated towards India, or towards any other part whatsoever, and give you absolute power in them."   [#9] That is the geopolitical equivalent of the nazi's declaration that the world and its population are there property, so does that make Christopher Columbus and the Pope his paid accomplices Nazi murders?   Its very interesting that they said that all the indigenous people they killed had no souls because they were "pagan" when the so called Classical social systems they were from also were pagan savages who went daily to the Coliseums to watch humans be murdered as entertainment...                     http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/beyondgood-26amp-3Bevil-_866.html The Conquistadors and the Indians Above, in order, Juan de Grijalva, Hernando Cortès, Pedro de Alvaredo, Diego de Almagro, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Panfilo de Narvaez, Hernando de Soto. In The Hidden Fortress, the kids are split up into two groups: the "Indians" and the "Conquistadors". Why? And what exactly is a Conquistador? The best known Conquistadors are Pizarro, Hernando Cortès, Juan de Grijalva, Pedro de Alvaredo, Diego de Almagro, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Panfilo de Narvaez and? Hernando de Soto. Nearly 500 years ago, these Spanish adventurers set out to conquer South America, Central America and up to half the southern part of what is now the United States. The history books have tended to present these men as brave and intrepid heroes. In truth, they were unscrupulous and callous men whose actions reflected the prevailing morality of? the contemporary European kingdoms. The conquests were fuelled by the treasures they could loot from the indigenous populations of North and South America. And in order to satisfy their great need for manpower, they enslaved large numbers of South American and Caribbean Indians. It was a veritable genocide: large populations of Indians were killed or died from mistreatment. When Christopher Columbus "discovered" the island of Hispaniola (today Haiti and the Dominican Republic), three million people inhabited it in several peaceful kingdoms. Barely 40 years later, only 40 thousand Indians were left on the island. The others had died in forced labour camps, were decimated by diseases introduced by the Europeans, or simply hunted down like animals by the Conquistadors. We have numerous eyewitness reports, including some by Samuel de Champlain, of the barbaric methods of the Conquistadors, some of whom, for entertainment, would hunt Indians with vicious dogs. If they returned from the hunt without any "prey", they would feed the dogs live prisoners. The Conquistadors justified their behaviour by maintaining that the Indians were mere "savages" and that it was necessary to populate America with more "civilized" Christians. This despite the fact that when Cortès arrived in Mexico, at the capital of the Aztecs, he discovered a formidable city of over a million inhabitants, larger than any great European capital. As well, the city possessed a network of well laid-out? streets and a sewer system that was far more developed than anything in Europe. In Spain, at that time, chamber pots were emptied out of windows. In summer, some streets of Madrid stank so strongly that it was often difficult to breathe. Despite all this, the Conquistadors destroyed the Aztec civilization and looted its treasures. Knowing all this, why do the Conquistadors continue to fascinate to us? No doubt because they represent at once human wickedness and our immense capacity to dream. The Conquistadors' dreams of power, wealth and conquest. Unfortunately, the Conquistadors regarded all means, even the most barbaric, justified in seeking these ends. Our fascination with the Conquistadors also stems from the fact that they were just a small number of adventurers and yet they somehow managed to conquer advanced empires whose total population was equal to that of Europe. Could a small army of bloodthirsty Aztecs have conquered the kingdoms of Spain, France, England, etc.? So that virtually nothing today would remain of Spanish, French or English culture? Inconceivable! But that's what the Conquistadors accomplished. They were helped by the beliefs of the Indians, who thought that the arrival of the white men from across the sea was a sign of? their own end. The Conquistadors were fortunate to have encountered largely peaceful populations who put up little resistance. There were some courageous men who came to the defence of the Indians, men like the Dominican priest Las Casas. He interceded with the King of Spain in order to stop the massacres. There were also some Indian chiefs who put up a stiff resistance, like Hatuez, the last Indian chief of Cuba. After several years of guerrilla warfare against the conquerors of his island, Hatuez was captured and burned alive. Hatuez had no fear of death. According to his beliefs, however, a man can only be happy in the world of the dead if he was good during his lifetime and if the living have good memories of him. Since he was the last of his people, Hatuez knew that there were be no good memories of him and he would therefore be very unhappy among the dead. Taking advantage of his helplessness, a priest offered to convert him to Christianity, promising that he would thus go to Heaven. Hatuez was hesitant. He wanted to know if the Conquistadors would also go to heaven. "If they are baptized, of course they'll go to heaven," the priest replied. "In that case," Hatuez said, "I don't want to go to Heaven. Don't baptize me; I'll be better off in Hell." So why do the kids of The Hidden Fortress play at Conquistadors and Indians? So that we can remind ourselves of that great injustice of history in which the civilizations of an entire continent were exterminated by ambitious fortune hunters. So that young viewers -- and adults -- who see this entertaining film might also get a few reminders of a nearly forgotten truth. So that we could be a bit less naive about how America was conquered... and more aware of the present and of the future. Roger Cantin My old favorite  You can poach anything in oil beancurd, shrimps, chicken, strips of pulled pork,  beef whatever the egg white cornstarch makes a very nice crunchy coating unlike soggy tampura batter it makes a smooth crunchy coating if you do it right its the least greasy batter dipped fried food just be sure the slices are seemlier test a few for cooking time with test slices. #1 OF 3   VELVET SHRIMP RECIPES 4 teaspoons cornstarch stirred in to cold water sufficient to dissolve it. 3 egg white lightly whipped to a froth ad corn starch. 2 teaspoon minced fresh ginger mashed into a past added to 3 or 4 2 garlic cloves, minced mashed into a past using a fork or back of blade. Add the 2 or 3 4 pound peeled, de-veined butterflyed (almost split in two) cleaned fresh shrimp. (medium to large size) allow to marinade 20 min + 1 teaspoon hot or mild sesame oil 2 or 3 cups vegetable oil You can mix penut & canola heated for poaching the shrimp drop them 1 or two at a time to not cool the oil down cook in batches the shrimp will float when cooked remove with wire strainer to paper towels and a rack to remove the oil 1 scallion, green and white parts minced , light soy sauce ginger etc as a dipping sauce the shrimp will have a light crunchy egg white "skin" and will be very juicy. Serve with simalar bite sized marinated lobster, scallops, beef, chicken & or pork ect., with rice & or noddles Ster-fried mushrooms chopped vegetables fresh green peas snow peas pan fried grape tomatoes,tomateo Edamomi and or sprouts.... Contrast texturs and colors. My habit is to cook lots of fun looking stuff the Habanero are used very speringly by sliting one with a sharp knife and bioling it with the noodels or rice water boil it 3 or 4 min. then remove it, the longer you cook the pepper the hotter the food will be perhaps experament with a thin cut off sliver before you reck yourself on one of these little besties!!! [My recipe for lime and lemon habanero oil CM3] Try my other spicy favorite poaching the pepers very slowly (lowest possibal flame,) in Canola oil with a whole Lime or 3. cut in small peaces (16 th's) cool and save the resulting hot Lime oil seperatly as a hot oil cools and add celantro choped onion to the cookec peper lime leftover and some fresh garlic and chopped or whole olives and olive oil and capers & even oil cured anchovies as a base for a HOT dressing a little goes a long way. cut it with a favorit frute juice... serves 10 family stile search?hl=en&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=+deveined+fresh+shrimp Copyright © by Chef Paul Prudhomme http://www.chefpaul.com Velvet Shrimp Recipe#3 VELVET SHRIMP MAKES 4 SERVINGS 3 tablespoons unsalted butter ½ cup finely chopped green onion tops 1 tablespoon plus 1 teaspoon Chef Paul Prudhomme's Seafood Magic ½ teaspoon minced garlic 1 pound peeled, deveined fresh shrimp (medium to large size) 2 cups heavy cream 2 tablespoons seafood stock or water, optional 1 cup (4 ounces) shredded Muenster cheese Hot cooked pasta or rice (preferably converted) Heat a 10-inch skillet over high heat about 1 minute. Add butter. When butter comes to a hard sizzle,stir in green onions and 1 tablespoon of the Seafood Magic. Cook about 1½ minutes and add garlic and shrimp. Stir to combine. Cook about 2 minutes, stirring occasionally,then add 1 cup of the cream and the remaining Seafood Magic.   Stir and scrape any browned bits off sides and bottom of skillet. Cook about 1 minute and stir in remaining cream. Cook 1 minute, or just until shrimp are plump and pink. Remove shrimp with slotted spoon. Set shrimp aside. Still over high heat, whisk cream mixture frequently as it comes to a boil, then whisk Cook 1 more minute or until cheese has melted and is incorporated. Return shrimp to skillet. Stir to coat shrimp with sauce and remove from heat. Serve immediately over pasta or rice. Copyright © by Chef Paul Prudhomme All Rights Reserved PO Box 23342, New Orleans, Louisiana 70183-0342 Phone (504) 731-3590 (504) 731-3590         ~ Fax (504) 731-3576  ~ Copyright © by Chef Paul Prudhomme  http://www.chefpaul.com
Velvet Shrimp Recipe # 2 Pea Shoots with Velvet Shrimp Recipe courtesy of Gourmet Magazine Difficulty: Easy Yield: 4 servings Add to My Recipe Box 3 to 4 cups lightly  packed pea shoots (dau mui), about 3/4 to 1 pound. 1 pound medium shrimp, shelled and de-veined Marinade: 1 egg white 2 teaspoons cornstarch 1 teaspoon vegetable oil 2 tablespoons vegetable oil 1 scallion, green and white parts minced 1 teaspoon minced fresh ginger 2 garlic cloves, minced 2 tablespoons yellow bean sauce 2 teaspoons thin soy sauce 1/4 cup water or unsalted or low-sodium chicken stock 2 teaspoons roasted sesame oil Remove the tough stems from pea shoots and discard. Wash in cold water and spin-dry in a salad spinner. Set aside. In a bowl, combine the shrimp with the egg white, cornstarch and oil for the marinade. Let stand 20 minutes. In a wok, heat the 2 tablespoons oil until just smoking. Add the scallion, ginger and garlic and cook until aromatic, about 30 seconds. Add the shrimp and stir-fry, tossing constantly, until the shrimp just turn pink, 5 to 7 minutes. Add the yellow bean sauce, soy sauce, water and pea shoots. Toss to wilt shoots, about 2 minutes. Remove from the heat, drizzle with  sesame oil, and stir to blend. Serve immediately
CGI Computer Generated Illustrations http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/concepts-_69.html http://thegiganticheartlessmultinationalcorporation.com/ http://thegiganticheartlessmultinationalcorporation.com/id800.htm http://charlesmingus3.com http://htmingus.charlesmingus3art.com/ indexed http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/art-index-_71.html http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/index-charles-nov-24-_76.html
Fractals:2 an Introduction through Symmetry for beginners to fractals, highlights magnification symmetry and fractals/ chaos connections. This presentation is copyright © Gayla Chandler. All borrowed images are copyright © their owners or creators. While no part of it is inthe public domain, it is placed on the web for individual viewing and presentation in classrooms,provided no profit is involved.. I hope viewers enjoy this gentle approach to math education. The focus is Math- Art. It is sensory,heuristic , with the intent of imparting perspective as opposed to strict knowledge perse. Ideally,viewers new to fractals will walk away with an ability to recognize some fractals in everydaysettings accompanied by a sense of how fractals affect practical aspects of our lives, looking for connections between math and nature.This personal project was put together with the input of experts from the fields of both fractals and chaos:.Academic friends who provided input . Chaos http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Chaos/ChaosIntro/ChaosIntro.html Multifractals http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/MultiFractals/welcome.html Random Fractals  http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/RandFrac/welcome.html Complex Fractals http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~zietlow/defp1.html Mandelbrot discusses fractals http://www.yale.edu/opa/v31.n20/story6.html Mandelbrot Set http://www.ddewey.net/mandelbrot/noad.html Julia Sets http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/MSet/Period.htm The categories all link to their respective pages.) .Recapping the main fractal theme addressed in this presentation: Fractals operate under a Symmetry of Magnification (called Dilatation or Dilation in literature). Different types of fractals share a common ground of parts that are similar to the whole. Even though self- similar substructure must technically be present all the way to infinity for something to be called fractal, the concept of fractility is loosened to apply to forms (esp.natural) with only a handful of levels of substructure  present..The simplification of complexity leading to useful results that we have been looking at is not unique to the field of fractals, it is a theme that runs throughout mathematics, although the methods of simplification vary. "Mathematics is about making clean "simplified" concepts out of things that we notice in the world around us. In the world [staying with fractals as an example], when it is applicable we make a clean concept by assuming the existence of self- similarity— infinite levels of substructure— when there are only a few, pushing beyond reality." (Priscilla Greenwood, Statistician and Mathematical Biologist at Arizona State University) Math "works" because these simplified systems "work". Mathematicians could well be called The Great Simplifiers. Statistician and Mathematical Biologist at Arizona State University) http://www.hennaforhair.com/freebooks/ http://webneb.free.fr/number/SurfersSerials07_02.txt http://www.photomichaelwolf.com/hongkong_back_door/37.html http://www.cartincollection.com/subject/gillespie.html nEO BANKING
Chaos  http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Chaos/ChaosIntro/ChaosIntro.html Multifractals http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/MultiFractals/welcome.html Random Fractals http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/RandFrac/welcome.html Complex Fractals http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~zietlow/defp1.html Mandelbrot discusses fractals http://www.yale.edu/opa/v31.n20/story6.html Mandelbrot Set http://www.ddewey.net/mandelbrot/noad.html Julia Sets  http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/MSet/Period.htm        Sitemap http://charlesmingus3.com http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/ http://thegiganticheartlessmultinationalcorporation.com/ http://thegiganticheartlessmultinationalcorporation.com/id800.htm http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/index-charles-nov-24-_76.html FILLER FOR SPACE TOPIC AND IMAGES http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/grhits/2006-February/000052.html http://www.sermons4kids.com/manna-from-heaven-esp-colorpg.htm http://www.hearnweb.com/china/index.html Temple of Heaven, Beijing Grand Circle Travel Tour of China September-October, 2001 Click on any picture miniature. Sequence through  the photos by clicking on the miniature on either side of the full-size photo. http://www.itsablackthang.com/index.htm http://www.itsablackthang.com/AfricanAmericanChristmasOrnaments.htm ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++   The Segway creator's next entrepreneurial spin - Feb. 16, 2006Dean Kamen, the engineer who invented the Segway, is puzzling over a new ... Kamen thinks the same approach can work with his water-cleaning machine, ... money.cnn.com/2006/02/16/technology/business2_futureboy0216/index.htm - TIME.com: The Segway Sage Speaks -- Page 1Inventor Dean Kamen sounds off  on Segway's disappointing start and his other new ...  So what if you could make point of use water with a little machine, ... time-proxy.yaga.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1226355,00.html - [grhits] Bringing Water and Electricity to the World's PoorTo solve the problem,  he's invented two devices, each about the size of a washing machine that can  provide much-needed power and clean water in rural ... http://www.lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/grhits/2006-February/000052.html - Dean Kamen: Locally Powered Water Distillation System (US Patent ... Segway Creator Unveils His Next Act. Inventor Dean Kamen wants to put ... Kamen thinks the same approach can work with his water-cleaning machine, ...  - http://www.rexresearch.com/kamen/kamen.htm Segway Inventor Drinks His Own PeeThe Segway Pee Machine. How much would you expect to pay for your very own ... if you remove the salts that make urine, urine, all you have left is water. ... www.shortnews.com/start.cfm?id=51786&rubrik1= Science&rubrik2=Engineering&rubrik3=Waste%20Disp... - TIME Magazine: Coolest Inventions 2003, Water Purifier... for lack of clean water. Can the man who invented the Segway save them? By LEV GROSSMAN ... Kamen decided to try to use that heat to make clean water. ... www.time.com/time/2003/inventions/invwater.html - Grameen and Segway team up to produce micro-entrepreneurial ... San Francisco - Dean Kamen, the engineer who invented the Segway, ... Kamen thinks the same approach can work with his water-cleaning machine, ... http://www.nextbillion.net/newsroom/2006/02/23/grameen-and -segway-team-up-to-produce-micro-entrepreneurial-slin digg - Segway Inventor Drinks His Own PeeDean Kamen, famed inventor of the Segway vehicle, drank his own urine to the ... I'm sure a water cooler machine uses 2% energy compared to distillation ... http://www.digg.com/tech_news/Segway_Inventor_Drinks_His_Own_Pee - http://www.makezine.com : Volume 04: MusicWasting time is an unspeakable crime, says Segway inventor Dean Kamen. Page 28. Subscribers: Read this article now in your MAKE Digital Edition! ... www.makezine.com/04/ - 64k - Cached - Similar pages The Next Big Thing, A Way To Produce Cheap, Clean Water - CBS NewsAt the top of inventor Kamen's "to-do" list: Selling the Segway. ...  project as well: creating a low-cost machine that can produce clean water cheaply. www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/11/12/60II/main529070.shtml - http://www.artbywicks.com/informationcontact.htm Art by Wicks pricing and sizes        Contact us by email                                                                                          homeHow to order Originals:  price and size next to image are still available as originals,  those without dimension and price are only available as prints. Some are framed, while some are priced to sell unframed...please inquire on selected art work. Please contact for original shipping prices, depends on weight and size and destination. (approx. $25. domestic) Poster- Bonfire 16x26 $20.  total cost U.S. and Canada  ( limited edition signed and numbered ) see image click this How to order prints......  any painting on the site can be ordered as a print. 1...Pick image  2...Pick size  a) matted to 16"x20"-$35.00 b) matted to 18"x24"-$45.00   c) double window poem with print, add $5.00 3...Pick mat color   a)  black  b) white  c) other, please specify  4...add Shipping cost:  Only $ 6.00, regardless of quantity   (U.S.A. and Canada) Other countries please inquire on cost. How to order Easel Art Cards 1...Below click on order form "here" and fill out quantity and name of print (s) 2...To personalize place brief statement ( 10 words or less ) in text for cards space.  to add poem or quote published by Dale or Darnell Wicks mention in text for cards space.  both will be printed on parchment ( 4"x5.5" ) and sent with card. ( approximately 5"x7" )   3...All Easel Art cards are $6.50 each    ( minimum order 20 cards, any variety )       Shipping in U.S.A. and Canada  $2.00 total per address, regardless of number.    ( Easel Art Cards can be purchased at a reduced rate when multiples of same card   are ordered. Please contact for specifics )  to buy with check or money order, e-mail  for address. Contact us by email at:  artbywicks@gmail.com Please allow up to two weeks delivery. one week on pay pal payments Thank you for your interest!                                                                        Copyleft close I created these because it pleases me to create them. Go ahead and download them, save them, give them to your friends, print them and hang them on a wall, whatever you want. "Property" is simply not a productive paradigm for art. If you like these images and you do something special  with them, I'd be glad if you could drop me an e-mail, though, as I like getting feedback. And of course you're allowed to donate, if you'd like. :<=HelpNext 5RandomSkip 1=> http://www.sgeier.net/fractals/indexe.php Welcome The thumbnails on this page are linked to much larger (1280x1024 or 1600x1200) JPG images and you can trust me that the large versions look a lot better than these tiny stamps. Please feel free to check them out. http://www.sgeier.net/fractals/indexe.php http://www.sgeier.net/fractals/indexe.php http://www.sgeier.net/fractals/indexe.php Art By Wicks http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&sa=N&resnum= 0&q=heaven&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&tab=wi Uses of the word Fuck A look at the many uses of the word fuck. ... Mayor of Hiroshima, "What the fuck was that?" Captain of the Titanic, "Where's all the fucking water coming ... justin.justnet.com.au/rudestuff/uses-of-the-word-fuck.html  http://darkmessiahmightandmagic.us.ubi.com/agegate.php?destURL=index.php " The got what the diserved! Yes I cheered as the titanic sank, & with it the hops  of victorian empre & terany. fuck thm and there self worshiping god bullshit..." 2 heavan 3 reluctant messiah http://www.digitalartmuseum.org/ http://www.heaven.ro/ http://www.iapprovethismessiah.com/ http://iapprovethismessiah.com/uploaded_images/story-743069.jpg more bullshit by the pound Ads by Google Creationism Debate  Darwin Debate  Evolution Creationism  Darwinian Evolution http://www.thedebatehour.com/downloads.html ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Heaven - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaWhile there are abundant and varied sources for conceptions of Heaven, ... The term Heaven  (which differs from 'The Kingdom of Heaven' see note below) is ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven  http://www.thedebatehour.com/modules.php?name=News http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=messiah.com&btnG=Search http://www.iapprovethismessiah.com/ http://www.iapprovethismessiah.com/2004/07/new-photo-before-lawmakers-were.html http://messiah.com/ http://www.metal-messiah.com/ http://failedmessiah.typepad.com/
Segway creator unveils his next act Inventor Dean Kamen wants to put entrepreneurs to work bringing water and electricity to the world's poor. By Erick Schonfeld, Business 2.0 Magazine editor-at-large February 16, 2006: 2:06 PM EST San Francisco (Business 2.0) - Dean Kamen, the engineer who invented the Segway, is puzzling over a new equation these days. An estimated 1.1 billion people in the world don't have access to clean drinking water, and an estimated 1.6 billion don't have electricity. Those figures add up to a big problem for the world—and an equally big opportunity for entrepreneurs. To solve the problem, he's invented two devices, each about the size of a washing machine that can provide much-needed power and clean water in rural villages. "Eighty percent of all the diseases you could name would be wiped out if you just gave people clean water," says Kamen. "The water purifier makes 1,000 liters of clean water a day, and we don't care what goes into it. And the power generator makes a kilowatt off of anything that burns." Light in the darkness Kamen is not alone in his quest. He's been joined by Iqbal Quadir, the founder of Grameen Phone, the largest cell phone company in Bangladesh. Last year, Quadir took prototypes of Kamen's power machines to two villages in his home country for a six-month field trial. That trial, which ended last September, sold Quadir on the technology. So much so in fact that Quadir's startup, Cambridge, Mass.-based Emergence Energy, is negotiating with Kamen's Deka Research and Development to license the technology. Quadir then hopes to raise $30 million in venture capital to start producing the power machines. (With the exception of the Segway, which Kamen's own company sold, Kamen has typically licensed his inventions to others.) The electric generator is powered by an easily-obtained local fuel: cow dung. Each machine continuously outputs a kilowatt of electricity. That may not sound like much, but it is enough to light 70 energy-efficient bulbs. As Kamen puts it, "If you judiciously use a kilowatt, each villager can have a nighttime." A satellite picture of the earth at night shows swaths of darkness across Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. For the people living there, a simple light bulb would mean an extension of both their productivity and their leisure times. Entrepreneurial power The real invention here, though, may be the economic model that Kamen and Quadir hope to use to distribute the machines. It is fashioned after Grameen Phone's business, where village entrepreneurs (mostly women) are given micro-loans to purchase a cell phone and service. The women, in turn, charge other villagers to make calls. "We have 200,000 rural entrepreneurs who are selling telephone services in their communities," notes Quadir. "The vision is to replicate that with electricity." During the test in Bangladesh, Kamen's Stirling machines created three entrepreneurs in each village: one to run the machine and sell the electricity, one to collect dung from local farmers and sell it to the first entrepreneur, and a third to lease out light bulbs (and presumably, in the future, other appliances) to the villagers. Kamen thinks the same approach can work with his water-cleaning machine, which he calls the Slingshot. While the Slingshot wasn't part of Quadir's trial in Bangladesh, Kamen thinks it can be distributed the same way. "In the 21st century, water will be delivered by an entrepreneur," he predicts. The Slingshot works by taking in contaminated water – even raw sewage -- and separating out the clean water by vaporizing it. It then shoots the remaining sludge back out a plastic tube. Kamen thinks it could be paired with the power machine and run off the other machine's waste heat. Compared to building big power and water plants, Kamen's approach has the virtue of simplicity. He even created an instruction sheet to go with each Slingshot. It contains one step: Just add water, any water. Step two might be: add an entrepreneur. "Not required are engineers, pipelines, epidemiologists, or microbiologists," says Kamen. "You don't need any -ologists. You don't need any building permits, bribery, or bureaucracies." The price of freedom Still, even if some of the technical challenges have been solved ("I know the technology works and I'd fall on my sword to prove it," insists Kamen), the economic challenges still loom. Kamen's goal is to produce machines that cost $1,000 to $2,000 each. That's a far cry from the $100,000 that each hand-machined prototype cost to build. Quadir is going to try and see if the machines can be produced economically by a factory in Bangladesh. If the numbers work out, not only does he think that distributing them in a decentralized fashion will be good business -- he also thinks it will be good public policy. Instead of putting up a 500-megawatt power plant in a developing country, he argues, it would be much better to place 500,000 one-kilowatt power plants in villages all over the place, because then you would create 500,000 entrepreneurs. "Isn't that better for democracy?" Quadir asks. "We see a shortage of democracy in the world, and we are surprised. If you strengthen the economic hands of people, you will foster real democracy." Lights, water, freedom. Now that's entrepreneurial. http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/16/technology/business2_futureboy0216/index.htm  http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/16/technology/business2_futureboy0216/index.htm The Segway creator's next entrepreneurial spin - Feb. 16, 2006 Dean Kamen, The engineer who invented the Segway, is puzzling over a new ... Kamen thinks the same approach can work with his water-cleaning machine, ... http://www.money.cnn.com/2006/02/16/technology/business2_futureboy0216/index.htm - TIME.com: The Segway Sage Speaks -- Page 1Inventor Dean Kamen sounds off on Segway's disappointing start and his other new ... So what if you could make point of use water with a little machine, ...time-proxy.yaga.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1226355,00.html - [grhits] Bringing Water and Electricity to the World's PoorTo solve the problem, he's invented two devices, each about the size of a washing machine that can provide much-needed power and clean water in rural ... http://www.lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/grhits/2006-February/000052.html - Dean Kamen: Locally Powered Water Distillation System (US Patent ...Segway Creator Unveils His Next Act. Inventor Dean Kamen wants to put ... Kamen thinks the same approach can work with his water-cleaning machine, ... - http://www.rexresearch.com/kamen/kamen.htm Segway Inventor Drinks His Own PeeThe Segway Pee Machine. How much would you expect to pay for your very own ... if you remove the salts that make urine, urine, all you have left is water. ... http://www.shortnews.com/start.cfm?id=51786&rubrik1=Science&rubrik2=Engineering&rubrik3=Waste%20Disp... - TIME Magazine: Coolest Inventions 2003, Water Purifier... for lack of clean water. Can the man who invented the Segway save them? By LEV GROSSMAN ... Kamen decided to try to use that heat to make clean water. ...  -http://www.time.com/time/2003/inventions/invwater.html Grameen and Segway team up to produce micro-entrepreneurial ...San Francisco - Dean Kamen, the engineer who invented the Segway, ... Kamen thinks the same approach can work with his water-cleaning machine, http://www.time.com/time/2003/inventions/invwater.html http://www.nextbillion.net/newsroom/2006/02/23/grameen-and-segway-team-up-to-produce-micro-entrepreneurial-slin digg - Segway Inventor Drinks His Own PeeDean Kamen, famed inventor of the Segway vehicle, drank his own urine to the ... I'm sure a water cooler machine uses 2% energy compared to distillation ... http://www.digg.com/tech_news/Segway_Inventor_Drinks_His_Own_Pee -http://www.makezine.com : Volume 04: MusicWasting time is an unspeakable crime, says Segway inventor Dean Kamen. Page 28. Subscribers: Read this article now in your MAKE Digital Edition! ... http://ww.makezine.com/04/ -The Next Big Thing, A Way To Produce  Cheap, Clean Water - CBS NewsAt the top of inventor Kamen's "to-do" list: Selling the Segway. ... project as well: creating a low-cost machine that can produce clean water cheaply. http://ww.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/11/12/60II/main529070.shtml - The Next Big Thing, A Way To Produce Cheap, Clean Water - CBS NewsAt the top of inventor Kamen's "to-do" list: Selling the Segway. ... project as well: creating a low-cost machine that can produce clean water cheaply. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/11/12/60II/main529070.shtml -

 
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segway inventor makes water machine   
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wrote:Who says funny is money, 
try looking up the end of google
no such "the book of coencidences"
1. the book of coincidences, coincidences
images 
the book of coincidences    
Sacred Geometry?
----------------------
making bread from the flower of life
2a. 
3.the flower of life 
making bread from the flower of life
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&q=making+bread+from+the+flower+of+life&btnG=Search
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
"mingus1999@netzero.com" <mingus1999@netzero.com>
wrote:
Who says funny is money, try looking up the end of google no such "the book of coencidences"
1. the book of coincidences, coincidences
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=the+book+of+coincidences&btnG=Google+Search
  
2. images  the book of coincidences    

http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=the%20book%20of%20coincidences&btnG=Google+Search&sa=N&tab=wi
 
Sacred Geometry?
----------------------
making bread from the flower of life
 2a. 
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=183174976530870036&q=sacred+geometry
3.the flower of life 
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=the+flower+of+life&btnG=Google+Search
http://altreligion.about.com/library/glossary/symbols/bldefsflowerlife.htm
making bread from the flower of life
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&q=making+bread+from+the+flower+of+life&btnG=Search

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